First Degree Price Discrimination Establoshed Organization

Question: Depict about the First Degree Price Discrimination for Establoshed Organization. Answer: 1 (a) the structure of such an evaluating system Value segregation is a serious practices utilized by unrivaled, set up associations targeting picking up from various sought after and flexibly action from customers. Value separation is the assessing framework that happens where a firm charges the distinctive expense to various shoppers for a comparable assistance or great. A business can improve its benefits by charging every purchaser most elevated sum he will pay, killing the customer gracefully, yet it is regularly a component to figure out what that accurate expense is for each purchaser. On the off chance that one needs value segregation to be fruitful, the business needs to comprehend their purchasers base nearby its necessities. The business ought to likewise recognize the various sorts of value segregation utilized as a piece of financial viewpoints (Holmes 2011). The most broadly utilized sorts value segregation are to first, second and third degree value separation. In a perfect business setting, firms will have the ability to kill each purchaser surplus by means of first degree value separation. This sort of valuing procedure happen where a business can obviously decide the value each client can pay for a given item and selling such ware at the referenced accurate cost. In certain organizations, for instance, utilized truck or vehicle bargains, a need to arrange possible sticker price is system of purchasing process. The business selling the trade-in vehicle can secure information by means of through data mining partner with every buyers past buying propensities, wage, use plan just as most extraordinary conceivable yield to figure out what to charge for every vehicle sold. The above estimating procedure is tedious and extreme to ideal for some organizations, however it permits the vender catch the most dumbfounding measure of accessible benefit for every exchange. (b) What a provider has to know so as to utilize this plan There are sure conditions that the vender must know to utilize this sort of value separation. These conditions include: The business must be worked under defective rivalry. The broker must be a value creator and must have a sliding slopping request bend. The business needs to recognize the business sectors just as deny resale. For instance, stopping a develop individual utilizing a ticket for a youngster. Separate gatherings of buyers need to have flexibility of interest. For example, students who have low pay are progressively delicate to value versatility. The merchants should set yield just as cost where the peripheral income is proportionate to negligible expense. If there should be an occurrence of two sub markets with isolated versatility of interest. The dealer must build the benefit by setting up divergent costs dependent on request bend slant. Accordingly, for an associate like develop people, the PED will stay inelastic and subsequently the cost will be a more noteworthy cost. Then again, for a gathering like understudies, the interest is flexibility and thus there will be a lower cost. The cost will be augmented at the point whereby the MC= MR. This is because of the inelastic interest in advertise (A) main to a more noteworthy cost set up. On the other hand, in advertise B, the interest is more value flexible, and, henceforth benefit amplifying cost is second rate. (c) What limitations are looked in the utilization of the strategy? The principal degree value segregation is tedious and difficult to ideal for some organizations. It is difficult to accomplish the main degree value separation. An occasion respects side of the road produce stand. The costs will be fluctuating based on the kind of the vehicle shopper drives and the spot he originates from. An individual driving a Lincoln with New York plates will probably pay a premium for a bubbled peanuts at a side of the road remain in Georgia. In numerous events, business think that its difficult to utilize this kind of value segregation. This is on the grounds that the shoppers inclinations are rarely completely uncovered. Likewise, the expense of uncovering such inclinations could be restrictive. For this situation, the distinction in readiness to pay among the buyers for items and minimal expense of delivering item can be highly abused. The merchandise are likewise sold in groups which requires the purchasers to buy a bundle or in some cases set the different items rather than certain subset of items (Schwartz 2010). Despite the fact that it may be a productive system for improving the benefit where purchasers show heterogeneous requests, the organizations can't successfully section customers based on inclinations and in this manner cost separate. Packaging is just compelling where requests of the shoppers are exceptionally contrarily related which isn't generally the situation. (ii) Describe a true case of this value separation technique The principal degree value separation has been utilized in two section taxes. The cost is separated on expenses of the passageway. It is accomplished by means of the coupons just as limits dependent on age or connection in certain social orders. For example, Disneyland opened in 1955 in nearby Anaheim situated in California. It utilized a two-section duty in 1950s and 1960s. The cost for confirmation was being accused together of individual fascination cost. Ticket cost for these attractions were differing. Rides, for example, Dumbo cost the most reduced (Schmalensee 2010). This was an A ticket and rides, for example, Caribbeans Pirates cost the most elevated. This was an E ticket. A two-section levy can likewise exclusively accept one purchaser. For this situation, a business builds up an extra charge which takes all the customer overflow. As demonstrated as follows: At p=SMC, the extra charge will take all shopper surplus demonstrated by the zone, p1AB. The cost p1 set outcomes in yield Q1. The benefit of the firm is the equal to the main degree value segregation, FABE. For this situation, there is no deadweight misfortune. All things considered, there could be social-prosperity suggestions from the excess exchange from clients to organizations. Makers can just as utilize a two-section tax in the tie-deals evaluating (Ulph and Vulkan 2000). This is the place a firm with the intensity of syndication will require shoppers to purchase at least two corresponding items. For example, up until 1960 (late), IBM required purchasers who purchased an IBM PC to purchase their punch cards too. They evaluated the PCs at the entirely serious costs and utilized the imposing business model estimating for the punch cards, where the minimal income was likened to SMC not as much as p. References Holmes, T.J., 2011. The impacts of third-degree value separation in oligopoly. The American Economic Review, 79(1), pp.244-250. Schmalensee, R., 2010. Yield and government assistance ramifications of monopolistic third-degree value separation. The American Economic Review, 71(1), pp.242-247. Schwartz, M., 2010. Third-degree value separation and yield: summing up a government assistance result. The American Economic Review, 80(5), pp.1259-1262. Ulph, D. what's more, Vulkan, N., 2000. Electronic trade and serious first-degree value separation (pp. 1-14). College of Bristol, Department of Economics.

W5A 597 SWOT Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

W5A 597 SWOT Analysis - Essay Example The qualities of an association could incorporate the period of time that the business has worked which builds their aptitude and skills. Likewise, the information, aptitudes, proficiencies of the pioneers or official supervisory crew additionally presents qualities to the firm since their abilities would characterize the choices and techniques that were and would be executed. The leaders’ proficiencies in the field of try that the firm is attempted would empower utilization of the executives and initiative speculations which could be viewed as best practices in the field of order. Further, the plan of organization strategies, methods of reasoning, or systems additionally help the association accomplish the characterized mission, vision, and objectives in the most proficient and powerful way. Thusly, these qualities empower the association to display monetary achievement, gain advertise administration, just as offer items and administrations that advantage their different part ners. In like manner, target recognizable proof of shortcomings would furnish the association with sufficient time, assets, and endeavors to address, right, or transform these shortcomings into qualities, as regarded conceivable. Shortcomings could come regarding absence of required assets or abilities in item advancement, or utilization of techniques for the showcasing blend. Moreover, the firm could be rising above into new markets or changing pioneers and individuals from the official group. Accordingly, progress periods, changes in the board profile, or re-planning approaches and systems could present difficulties that may get shortcomings the procedure. Wandering into new or obscure roads, without proper recorded understanding or ability, could likewise present challenges for the firm. In this manner, distinguishing these shortcomings through the SWOT investigation would empower chiefs to make the essential techniques to pre-empt or right them, as regarded fundamental. Simultaneously, strategy producers ought to

Dental Assistant Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Dental Assistant Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips In general, the dental industry is a profitable one not only because fixing someone’s jaw or teeth cost a lot of money but also because technology is advancing day by day and that’s surely one reason why so many young people want to be a dentist when they grow up.But, becoming a dentist isnt as easy as someone may think because it takes 6 to 8 years to finish your bachelors and maybe even MD degree and thats why many opt to become a dental assistant, which in itself isnt a bad idea.Furthermore, being a dental assistant before being a doctor of oral medicine or an oral surgeon is a great way to start your career and get some experience under your belt before you advance in the dentistry branch.Today we are going to show you how to write the perfect dental assistant resume, and we will show you two examples of how it should look like.After that, we are going to go down each section one by one to assure that you write the best resume possible for your next job position.Feel free to use our resume template builder as it will help you write your resume without too much hassle and will provide you with the templates which best suit you and your profession.Without further ado, let’s begin!Dental Practitioner Resume Example Right Associate Dentist Resume Example Right Create your own resumeNow that we’ve presented you two examples of how to write your dental assistant resume, the next step is to go through each section of the resume one by one and further explain what you should write.We will be discussing what should and what absolutely should not be in your resume and also give you examples of that as well.After that, we will give you some tips and tricks you can use so that you write the best possible resume.So let us begin!GUIDE ON WRITING THE PERSONAL INFO SECTIONAs you can see, in the Personal Info section, you will be asked to provide some basic information about yourself such as your full name, address, phone number and E-Mail.Some information, such as a photograph is optional, and you should be notified by your employer if they are needed.When it comes to your full name, obviously you should provide your birth name or, in the case that you’ve for some reason changed your name, the name written on your ID card.This means that you should stay clear of nicknames even though your family and friends might still call you that.Anna Lopez RightAnnie Lopez WrongNext is your address which sometimes isn’t needed, but you should write it just in case it is required by your employer, and don’t worry about your information being used because companies work under strict confidentiality policies.After that, you should provide your phone number, either your cell phone number or a landline number because some employers don’t send E-Mails but rather call their future employees to set up a job interview.Providing your E-Mail is pretty essential as most information such as job requirements, expected qualification and job interview details will be sent to you by E-Mail.On that note, you should create a new E-Mail address just for business if you dont have one because an old E-Mail address youve used in the 7th grade isn’t going to cut it.eric.donohue@yahoo.com Rightmister.wiseguy555 @yahoo.com WrongThe same goes with your social media information such as LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook.Twitter and Facebook can be used instead of your website where you can post your information and interact with other people, but surely, LinkedIn will be your most useful social media.You should look at LinkedIn as a continuation of your resume because there you can list all the things you’ve either missed out on your resume or you didn’t think was relevant, and by providing your LinkedIn account, your employer can find out other things about you as well.Of course, you should clean up your social media addresses so that they look a bit more professional on your resume.Social MediaLinkedIn: www.linkedin/in/john-pence/Twitter: twitter.com/Jason.T RightSocial MediaLinkedIn: www.linkedin/in/john-pence58346/Twitter: twitter.com/caramel_lover77 WrongGUIDE ON WRITING THE SUMMARY SECTIONWriting a perfect summary isnt always easy, but there are some things which you should pay atten tion to write a summary which isnt too long but includes everything that needs to be mentioned.When writing a summary, you should focus on:Length â€" The length of your summary should be two or three sentences and no more than that and the reason being is that a summary is just a brief overview of your work experiences, skills, and education as well as your reason why you think you should be chosen for that job position.Highlighting â€" You should be able to highlight your previous accomplishments and places you’ve worked at and also your skills but be sure to write what you think is most important and leave other things for the Experience section.Precision â€" You shouldn’t set high expectations in your summary, because it can be a double-edged sword if it turns out that you don’t have enough experience to work for the company you’re applying in.Your summary should end up looking something like this:SummaryI am a college graduate and certified dental assistant who has exper ience in working with orthodontists, oral hygienists and oral surgeons. I have worked for clinics and hospitals such as West Coast Dental Services and AltaMed. I have great communication skills, and I am very calm with patients. RightSummaryIve graduated from a dental assistant school. I have been working with other dentists. I think I have good communication skills. WrongSide note: Because most medical branches mean that you have somewhat of a rich education, in your summary you should list maybe one certificate you have which is important for the job position you’re applying for to avoid over-cramming your summary.Here’s more in-depth info on writing the summary section.GUIDE ON WRITING THE EXPERIENCE SECTIONWriting the Experience section for any branch in medicine is as equally important as writing the Education section and the main reason being the correlation of theoretic and practical knowledge which is taught in medical schools and colleges.That being said, it’s alway s a good idea to list all of your past work experience but also, even if you don’t have any work experience than you can list some internship programs you’ve attended and then pay more attention to the Education section later on.Many dental assistants dont have an MD degree and are using the position of a dental practitioner as sort of a springboard so that they can get some work experience in the dental industry and maybe finish their specialization afterwards.Anyways, writing the Experience section is pretty straightforward.You should focus on writing three or four sentences concerning what you did at your job, and if you’ve made any improvements or accomplishments, you should list that as well.That being said, you should stay clear of listing duties which already implies in your job description, meaning you shouldn’t describe what your responsibilities were but rather what you’ve accomplished doing for that company. Right WrongAs you can see, its also a good idea to add some numbers because your employer will surely be interested to know if youve really done something at your job and not just stare at patients having their teeth removed.Also, because all dental ordinations have track records, its fairly easy to keep track of how many procedures youve helped with.GUIDE ON WRITING THE EDUCATION SECTIONSimilar to the Experience section, your education is very important mainly because in this branch of work employers want the best of the best and even though maybe you don’t have much experience working for a company, if you’ve been successful academically, you’re sure to have some experience in your internship programs and practical courses.Knowing this, you should list all of the schools and colleges youve gone to and also write if youve had attended any internships, programs or seminars because all of that will be necessary for you to differentiate yourself from other candidates.Also, keep in mi nd that you will need certificates and licenses to be able to conduct procedures such as x-ray scanning because you need special training and education to do it, so feel free to add all of your certificates and licenses as well and don’t forget to write the town and country you’ve went to college because it needs to be an accredited one.College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA RightCollege of Dentistry WrongLastly, if you have a high GPA score, have been enrolled in some student organizations and wrote some papers which are worth mentioning, you can add that as well.This is your time to shine and make those 6 -8 years of studying worth it.Here is a great article that can be helpful on writing the education section.GUIDE ON WRITING THE SKILLS SECTIONLast but not least is the Skills section, and here you should focus on writing your overall skill set which you think will benefit your future workplace and also the things your employer might find interesting.It depends on what y ou know to do, whether it is making dental plaster molds, working with children in pediatric dental clinics, knowing how to give anesthesia to patients or even knowing a second language.By listing those things, you are saying what you want to do at your next job position even though your duties might involve other responsibilities.Surely, you should stay clear of listing trivial things like knowing how to prepare coffee, how to iron a shirt without iron or how to tie your shoelaces in 5 seconds because there isnt a workplace which needs all of those skills, and if there was, I would have already been working there.Jokes aside, your Skills section should look something in the line of:SkillsExperienced in giving anesthesia to patientsCertified in x-ray scanning and radiologyGreat communication and relaxed with patientsKnows how to prepare the paperwork and manage appointmentsFluent in both German and French RightSkillsKnows how to remove a toothGreat at talking to patients about thei r dayPlays Solitaire when there are no appointments WrongTo summarize, keep it simple but try to offer various and helpful skills apart from the basic duties you’re already supposed to know and also think of it as an opportunity to show off a little bit because you never know what your employer will be looking for and if you maybe have just that.TIPS TRICKSProofreading â€" Before you send your resume to your employer, be sure to have it checked for grammatical errors as they can seriously ruin your credibility and you can never be sure that you haven’t made any, so it’s better not to risk it.Reviewing â€" Make sure to send your resume to a professional or someone who gets tons of resumes daily who will tell you if you need to make some improvements before you send the resume to your employer.Formatting â€" Be sure to have your resume in different document formats such as PDF or TXT because you never know which format your employer will ask from you. Also, it’s a good idea to have a printed copy of your resume with you on your job interview.Font â€" Dont use a font that looks like it is handwritten because today resumes go through a machine which searches out keywords and it maybe wont be able to scan your resume. Instead, you should opt for standard fonts such as Times New Roman, Cambria, Calibri, Helvetica or Arial and be sure to use the same font throughout the whole resume so that you appear more professional.Listing your education â€" Because dentistry is a broad term by itself and because there are many schools, colleges, courses, and programs which offer certificates and diplomas, you should list everything relevant for the job youre applying, even if it was just a seminar youve attended, it all counts.Bullet points â€" When listing something, you should try to use just three or four bullet points because more than that can appear a bit crowded and like you are writing your autobiography, so keep it simple.Resume length â€" In connection with t he previous point, you shouldn’t go past two pages in your resume, and ideally you would just fill out one page because employers and hiring agents rarely have time to read the whole sheet of paper so keep that in mind.Highlighting â€" Knowing how to emphasize and highlight keywords will help you get your message across even though your resume is one page long, and you should highlight things such as past work experience and your skillset.Political correctness â€" There is no room for your political, religious or other ideological opinions, and that being said, you shouldn’t, under any circumstances, write then in your resume, except if your employer specifically asks for them which is very rare.Adapting â€" You should never write the same resume twice because many job positions dont require the same skills, education and work experience and this especially apply to jobs in the medical branch.Checking your E-Mail â€" You should check your E-Mail once in a while so that you don†™t miss out on any replies because you never know if they are going to call you or send you an E-Mail, so you better be prepared. Also, you should check your spam folder if something was maybe filtered out.Resume builder â€" If you still have some questions about how to write your resume, feel free to check out our resume builder templates as they are pretty convenient for people who never wrote a resume before and even experienced ones. It’s pretty easy to add or delete sections that you need for your resume, and you can choose the template which best suits your profession.CONCLUSIONTo summarize, we had gone through everything you needed to know when it comes to writing your dental assistant resume and by following our guide step by step, you are sure to create a great resume.Dont forget to implement everything weve learned here today and pay attention to keywords and on emphasizing the most important parts of your resume.Also, remember what not to include in your resume so that you dont make any possible mistakes because you want your resume to look professional.In the end, if you possibly still have some questions concerning your resume, then you should try out our resume builder because it has helped many clients before and it is guaranteed to help you as well.Good luck with finding your new job! Create your own resume

The Supremacy Clause Conflict Between Federal And State Law

Term Paper LU2 Christina Wood The Supremacy Clause: Conflict between Federal and State Law as it relates to Medical Marijuana The American Constitution provides for a division of government powers between the federal and state governments, as well as provides solutions in an event of conflict between these two governments. The Supremacy Clause is derived through Constitutional Law and determines that the Constitution, Federal statutes, and United States treaties contain the â€Å"supreme law of the land†, creating the framework for the highest areas of law within the American legal system. Article VI, Section 2 of the United States Constitution contains The Supremacy Clause. â€Å"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States†¦show more content†¦Another limitation set forth in the Constitution is that of anti-commandeering. Even though federal governments can enact law they cannot use the states as instruments of federal governance. Often overlooked, this argument used in appropriate cases to limit the Supremacy Clause, is found in the Constitution’s Tenth Amendment, â €Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. â€Å"The anti-commandeering principle applied to the issue of medical marijuana raises the question of protecting states’ prerogative to legalize activity that Congress bans. In a case where Congress legalizes an activity that the states have banned the issue of conflict need not arise because the individual’s choice remains whether to engage in said activity or not. In the instance of Congress banning an activity legalized by the states, conflict emerges with unclear boundaries. In 1970 Congress passed the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) to regulate the possession, manufacture, and distribution of drugs. This statute includes marijuana. 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A Nation At Risk By President Ronald Reagan - 843 Words

Since prior to the 1980’s, the American education system has rapidly declined in all areas. The article, â€Å"A Nation at Risk,† written by President Ronald Reagan, depicts the many issues in the U.S. school systems regarding the content, standard and expectations, time, teaching, and leadership and fiscal support. This piece, apparently, has led the country into an extreme educational reform to improve all aspects of our school system. Based on my experiences in high school, student test scores, and current school conditions, I believe that while all issues raised by the commission in the report are not necessarily a problem anymore, issues with student growth. First and foremost, I believe evaluation of student growth is the biggest issue in the educational system. Test scores do not provide the most accurate depiction of where today’s students stand in terms of content knowledge. 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Presidents of the United States are expected to lead the country and find solutions to its problems, but the chances of being allowed to do marginal political steps are negligible and success is rarely accomplished. Ronald Reagan was the president successful in bringing fundamental change in American politics. HeRead MoreRonald Reagans Domestic and Foreign Affairs Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pages I have decided to write my research paper on the topic of Ronald Reagans Domestic and Foreign Affairs. The reason that I choose this topic was because I have always been personally interested in Ronald Reagans time in office and the national crisis he had to deal with. Reagan was awesome when it came to foreign policy because he knew how to negotiate with foreign leaders and their countries to get what he wanted. 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The speech was delivered on June 6, 1984 in Normandy, France: the site where the Allied forces invaded the cliffs just forty years before Reagan had delivered this memorable speech (Stepman). The forum itself was an important aspect of the speech. The delivery of the speech there, on the windy shore cliffs of northern France, enhanced the vis ualization as well as the nostalgia

Pit-Bull Case Free Essays

Legislation over the long-standing debate regarding the safety of housing Pit Bulls continues between pro Pit-Bull advocates and those fearing for their safety throughout Canada. Today, the issue of housing large, potentially dangerous dogs in the city has reached pivotal concern. A course of action is necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Pit-Bull Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now The level of concern surrounding Pit Bulls is greater than the concern over other dangerous domesticated dogs. There are, however, people who enjoy having Pit Bulls as pets. Pit Bull owners constitute a smaller percentage of people in comparison to those with concern over a Pit Bull’s safety. It comes down to pure fear over these life-threatening dogs. Yes, the anti-Pit Bull contingency has a voice, and with justifiable concern. Evaluation is in order regarding the pros and cons surrounding this issue. This position paper will clearly show that all breeds of Pit Bulls should not be housed in cities throughout Canada. There are many breeds of Pit Bulls—all of which can be threatening. The various breeds of other dangerous domesticated dogs are even larger. Lawyer Clayton Ruby argues the legislation. He sites the following: since 1983 there were 23 dog attacks in Canada that led to fatality. Of these 23 attacks, only one involved a Pit Bull. Thus, according to Mr. Ruby, legislation needs to be written governing all dangerous dogs, and not just Pit Bulls. The slant here, however, will be focused on developing legislation that will make it illegal to own a Pit Bull if you reside in a major city in Canada’s surrounding Provinces. First, we must consider the levels of all dog aggression in comparison to Pit Bulls’ aggression. The least dangerous level is called the submissive level. It includes dogs that display very little signs of aggression. Dogs of this nature tend to roll over when challenged and they will not respond with aggression. No Pit-Bull, regardless of breed, meets these criteria. The next level of dog aggression is known as the generic level. This level of dog aggression only demonstrates hostility if another angered dog approaches it. At this level, if attacked, a generic dog will respond with just enough tenacity to repel the instigating dog from its assault. Again, there isn’t a single Pit Bull that is calm enough to match this non-threatening level. The next level of aggression meets the characteristics of a Pit Bull Terrier. This Pit Bull, labeled a happy-normal-Pit-Bull-Terrier, is a dog that only displays aggression when challenged. This dog will respond aggressively. The only way to separate an aggressive Pit Bull Terrier is by using a ‘break-stick’ level of restraint. These restraining traits must be learned from trained specialists. Here in lies our first red flag. If even the most receptive breed of Pit Bull has a tendency for hostility, it is not feasible to consider Pit Bulls as an environmentally-safe pet, especially in the confines of a city. Pit Bulls at their most obedient level will always attempt to make friends with new dogs. This unreserved level of sociability in a Pit Bull can be the catalyst that leads to aggressiveness and fighting, or even death. When we add a Pit Bull that lives in a crowded city, the situation becomes grave and the opportunity for an unfortunate incident increases. It’s important to point out that even the friendliest Pit Bull will not tolerate aggressive behavior. If, for example, a Pit Bull is led through a small city park where people take dogs and children to play, there is a greater chance for altercation. Even if leash-restrained Pit Bulls are led through a city, the opportunity for an unfortunate encounter, on any given sidewalk might occur. Dogs, by nature, tend to gravitate toward one another. This curious sniffing can lead to danger if a Pit Bull is involved. The next level of Pit Bill is known as the average Pit Bull. These dogs will exhibit aggression toward strange dogs of the same sex while acting cautious around dogs of the opposite sex. If an average Pit Bull is challenged, they will counter with aggression. Physical intervention is necessary to separate a fight. Lastly, we come to the dog-aggressive-Pit-Bull. Pits at this level can live with other dogs but will attack any strange dogs (strange refers to any dog unfamiliar to a Pit Bull). Again, the only means of alleviating aggressive encounters between dogs at this level of aggression is by physical intervention. The fights can be very serious. There are a large number of variables that can occur to a Pit Bull in a city that would lead to aggression. Sometimes it only takes curiosity from neighboring dogs or young children to initiate a Pit Bull’s innate sense for violent tendencies. Legislation that does not allow city-dwellers to own a Pit Bull needs to pass. So many people live together in tight quarters in Canadian cities. This makes it an unsafe region for Pit Bulls. This legislation must come to action before another person or animal is maimed or killed by these instinctively dangerous dogs. How to cite Pit-Bull Case, Papers

Can Hot tea really cool you down Essay Example For Students

Can Hot tea really cool you down Essay Is it true or just an old wives tale?Its a tale weve all heard, usually in the form of a helpful suggestion from a friend. Whenever you mention that youre hot, someone will point out that (believe it or not!) you can cool off by drinking hot tea. The logic behind this claim, is that the hot tea makes you sweat and that helps cool you off. Makes perfect sense, doesnt it? Funny how no one ever suggests that turning up the heat in your house would actually make you cooler. But many people cant help think that it still makes sense in some way. Well, Im going to explain to everyone why it doesnt work. Since I am not a physicist in any sense, the scientific details have been simplified. In a nutshell:The problem in the logic lies with the laws of thermodynamics. The amount of heat lost by sweating and evaporation will never exceed the amount of heat gained by the hot drink youve consumed. Sponsored LinksCocktail IdeasOver 3000 cocktail recipes to put a little spirit into your party!www.tha tsthespirit.comCocktail suggestionsTry these great cocktails pomegreat is the new cranberrywww.pomegreat.comDrink Mixer Pro softwareContains over 1400 cocktail recipes Ideal for bartenders. Free trialwww.bluesquad.co.ukAnother problem is that the extra heat makes your blood vessels near the skin dilate to help cool your blood faster. The nerves in your skin can sense this, causing you to feel flushed and warm. Not exactly the result you are looking for. The overall answer, is that hot tea will make you sweat more, and increase your cooling. But the amount of extra cooling wont be enough to offset the heating-up from the tea. So next time someone points out that you should drink hot tea in the summer, dont rush to put the kettle on. Grab a tall glass of iced tea, an iced coffee or lemonade instead.

Euripides Medea free essay sample

In front of Madea’s house in Corinth, her nurse narrates and grieves over the circumstances that have led to the conflict between Madea, Jason, and the royal family. This all started when Pelias, king of Iolcus sent Jason to get a Golden Fleece from Colchis, Madea’s home land. Madea, daughter of the king of Colchis, a sorceress, fell in love with Jason, helped him take the Golden Fleece away from her own country, and fled with him to Jason’s home. When they returned to Iolcus, Jason’s home, she used her magical powers to convince the daughters of Pelias to kill their father. As a result, Madea and Jason were banished from Iolcus by Pelias’s son. From Iolcus, they moved to Corinth where they had children and they earned respect in the city. However, Jason abandons Madea and his children to remarry Glauce, daughter of Kreon, King of Corinth. We will write a custom essay sample on Euripides Medea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nurse describes the degree of emotional wreck that Madea is going through. â€Å"She lies without food and gives herself up to suffering, wasting away every moment of the day in tears† (line 24). This makes the nurse scared of the outcome of Madea’s anger: â€Å"I am afraid she (Madea) may think of some dreadful thing, for her heart is violent† (line 37) the nurse states. The tutor of Madea’s children meets the nurse moaning and he shares with her the rumor that was circulating in the city: Kreon intends to drive Madea and her children in exile from Corinth. Inside the house, Madea cries out and wishes her own death. She also curses her children and their father (Jason). She regrets her actions in the past; betraying her country and killing her brother in the course of escaping with Jason. Madea grieves and calls on the goddess of promise (Artemis) and on Zeus (keeper of Oaths) to shatter Jason, his wife to be and the entire palace. The Chorus made of Corinthian women visits Madea’s home to console her wishing she would relax her rage and temper. They summon Madea to their presence so they could talk to her. Madea respectfully comes out of the house to meet with the chorus. She recounts how unfortunate the woman gender is, with very little privileges and almost no legal rights. She pleads with the chorus to let her devise a means of punishing her husband Jason for betraying her and the chorus agrees that she has the right to punish Jason for abandoning her. Kreon had been informed about the threats and curses by Madea on Jason and his daughter Glauce. Acknowledging that Madea was a clever woman and versed in evil arts, he was afraid of the outcome of Madea’s anger so, he decided to visit Madea and banish her and her children from Corinth. Madea tries to convince Kreon that she held grudges for Jason and not him or her daughter for they had done her no wrong. However, Kreon was very adamant but agreed to let Madea stay in Corinth for just one day so that she could deliberate on where to go on exile with her children. As the king leaves, Madea contemplates on how to kill his three enemies, Kreon, Glauce, and Jason â€Å"father, the girl and my husband† (line 371). She decides on killing them by â€Å"the straight road, the one in which I am (she is) most skilled, and make away with them by poison† (line 380) if she finds somewhere to go for refuge but if not, she will â€Å"take the sword myself (herself) and kill, and steadfastly advance to crime† (line 390). Jason visits Madea and reproves her for publicly cursing the house of the king and expressing her evil intensions towards the palace. However, Jason offers to make provision for her and the children in exile. Madea on the other hand sees this as an act of cowardice and lack of manliness. She recounts to Jason all what she did to help him: helping him in his quest for the Golden Fleece, and the killing of Pelias. She can neither return to her father’s home land where she betrayed her people nor can she go to Jason’s homeland, where she had caused the death of Pelias. In response to Madea, Jason denies the fact that she saved him. In his view, his life was preserved by Cypris, Aphrodite, goddess of love. He argues that Madea had gained more from him than she had given to him. She now lives in a better city and has gained respect and fame as a clever woman. Jason also argues that his decision to remarry the princess was a clever move and was in the benefit of Madea and the children so they could not lack anything. The chorus acknowledges the fact that Jason had good intensions but they still blame him for betraying his wife. Jason however still offers to help Madea and his children while in exile but Madea rejects all his endeavors and asked him to leave. Aigeus, king of Athens, an old friend of Madea visits Corinth in search for answers to a riddle from the oracle of Phoebus. He greets Madea and tells her the reason for his visit. He was childless and had gone to inquire from the oracle of Phoebus how he could have children. The oracle told him â€Å"I am (He was) not to loosen the hanging foot of the wine-skin† (line 663) (not to have intercourse). This message was unclear to him so he was on his way to meet Pittheus (Aigeus’s father-in-law, known for his ability to interpret words from the gods) to help him explain the riddle. Madea also told him about her banishment from Corinth and pleads with him to accept her in Athens. She also offers to help Aigeus with drugs that will end his childlessness. Aigeus sympathizes with Madea, he accepts and promises with an oath to let her live in his country only if she will get there on her own. Madea, now so confident and happy she has somewhere to stay in exile, she plans on punishing Jason by poisoning his bride and killing their children. She sends a servant to call for Jason. She pretends to agree with Jason’s marriage and make peace with him and the palace. She then request that Jason should plead with the king to allow their children to stay in Corinth. Jason expresses his doubts on being able to convince the king but Madea suggested that she talks to his wife, the princess to solicit on his behalf. Madea also offers to send Glauce a golden diadem and a dress through her children so she could help talk to the king. Madea orders a servant to get the poisoned gift and she instructed her children to go to the palace and give the gifts to the princess. The tutor returns to tell her mistress that the royal bride was pleased with the gifts and her children are reprieved from going to exile. On hearing the news, Madea rather grieves and fights with herself on either completing her evil intensions of killing her children or taking them with her to Athens. She awaits the news of the death of the princess. A messenger from the palace comes with the message of the death of the princess. He narrates the scene of Glauce’s death. Glauce was so attracted to the gifts. She wore the dress sent by Madea and immediately the poison killed her. Her father, Kreon so frustrated, cried and wished to die with her daughter. He decided to also wear the poisoned dress and he died next to his daughter. Madea was so happy after hearing the news but still decided to complete her task by killing her children so she could quickly leave Corinth. While the chorus cries out about the disaster, they heard a cry from the children in the Madea’s house. Jason asks the chorus the where about of Madea so he could take his children from the hands of their evil mother not knowing that Madea had already killed them. The chorus tells him his children were dead in the hands of their mother. He orders the servants to open the gates and there comes Madea with the dead children in a chariot drawn by dragons. Jason seeing his death children grieves and regrets marrying Madea and bearing children with her. He begs Madea to touch the children and bury them but Madea refused giving him the opportunity of even touching the children. Madea blames Jason for her actions. She acknowledges the fact that she is also in sorrow but she justifies her action to be Jason’s punishment for betraying her love and breaking their marital vows.

Free Essays on Black Soldiers in the Civil War

The American Civil War was a conflict between the Union and the Confederacy. It was a war between the states. The North was fighting to abolish slavery and the South was fighting for their independence. During the war, roughly three million people fought for their cause. The majority of these three million soldiers are sung heroes. However, there are still those heros who people are unaware of. One rarely hears about these unsung heroes who were of tremendous assistance to the cause. These heroes are the southern slaves who became soldiers and joined the Union Army. Although many do not know of their role, the black soldiers played a very significant part in the American Civil war. There were many different black regiments that took part in the fight for freedom. Some examples of such regiments were the 54th Massachusetts, the Black Brigade of Cincinnatti, and the First Regiment South Carolina Volunteers. In addition to these, there were also countless others. Hundreds of thousands of black men wanted the chance to fight for their freedom. The 54th Massachusetts was organized in March of 1863 at Camp Meigs, Readville, Massachusetts by Robert Gould Shaw. This was one of the first all black regiments formed. Free blacks from the north, particularly Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, made up this regiment. The main sacrifice made was life. Soon after being formed, the 54th engaged in battle at Battery Wagner. There was over 250 men killed. Included was the founder Colonel Shaw, who died on the crest of the enemy parapet shouting, â€Å"Forward, Fifty-fourth!†2 Several other members of the 54th either risked or lost their lives. One such person was Sgt.! William H. Carney. He received the Medal of Honor for risking his life in action. His actions were described as follows: â€Å"When the color sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors thereon. When the troo... Free Essays on Black Soldiers in the Civil War Free Essays on Black Soldiers in the Civil War The American Civil War was a conflict between the Union and the Confederacy. It was a war between the states. The North was fighting to abolish slavery and the South was fighting for their independence. During the war, roughly three million people fought for their cause. The majority of these three million soldiers are sung heroes. However, there are still those heros who people are unaware of. One rarely hears about these unsung heroes who were of tremendous assistance to the cause. These heroes are the southern slaves who became soldiers and joined the Union Army. Although many do not know of their role, the black soldiers played a very significant part in the American Civil war. There were many different black regiments that took part in the fight for freedom. Some examples of such regiments were the 54th Massachusetts, the Black Brigade of Cincinnatti, and the First Regiment South Carolina Volunteers. In addition to these, there were also countless others. Hundreds of thousands of black men wanted the chance to fight for their freedom. The 54th Massachusetts was organized in March of 1863 at Camp Meigs, Readville, Massachusetts by Robert Gould Shaw. This was one of the first all black regiments formed. Free blacks from the north, particularly Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, made up this regiment. The main sacrifice made was life. Soon after being formed, the 54th engaged in battle at Battery Wagner. There was over 250 men killed. Included was the founder Colonel Shaw, who died on the crest of the enemy parapet shouting, â€Å"Forward, Fifty-fourth!†2 Several other members of the 54th either risked or lost their lives. One such person was Sgt.! William H. Carney. He received the Medal of Honor for risking his life in action. His actions were described as follows: â€Å"When the color sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors thereon. When the troo...

Relationship Between Employee Commitment And Employee Engagement Assignment

Relationship Between Employee Commitment And Employee Engagement - Assignment Example Employees, who are committed to their organizations and highly engaged in their job, provide effective competitive advantages to the organizations in terms of higher output. Uncommitted employees do not bother about workplace performance and outputs. The committed employees tend to provide their total effort to fulfill their personal career goals and job responsibility. Engagement of an employee cannot possible without effective commitment towards the organization and seer hard work. Leaders or the managers of an organization play a vital role in employee engagement. It is important for a manager to provide value to the needs or satisfaction level of an employee in order to retrain employee commitment and employee engagement. Only a motivated employee can perform effectively in an organization. Progression of career is also an important and key employee retention tool. The employees will be happy to be engaged with their job and organization if they are provided effective career deve lopment opportunities, good work culture, and productive work environment. The effective organizational communication process is also an important employee retention tool. It will help an organization to achieve success. Committed employees are more engaged to their job and organization comparing to the uncommitted employees. Employee engagement, employer practices, work performance and business results are highly related to each other. It is the responsibility of the employers to motivate their employees to perform efficiently.

Dickens's Treatment of Education and Social Mobility in Great Essay

Dickens's Treatment of Education and Social Mobility in Great Expectations - Essay Example These circumstances call for a story far less comfortable about the separation of good and evil, the imputable and the innocent,........" (Reed, 1995) In Great Expectations, Dickens gives us the story of Pip and the story of Pip's growing into a man is a portrayal of his expectations and aspirations: "Now, I return to this young fellow. And the communication I have got to make is, that he has great expectations". It is also a realistic chronicle of Pip's enormous guilt both deserved and undeserved, his insecure posture as a gentleman, his moderate success at being a gentleman in the worldly sense and his finally ending up as a gentleman of intrinsic value. For it is in the definition of a "gentleman" that the central dichotomy of the novel lies, and being a gentleman is directly related with social mobility and education, not only in the personal story of Pip himself, but in the stories of the gallery of characters that surround him from his childhood to maturity. And the concept of becoming a gentleman is constantly and inextricably related to educational improvement. Not born to gentility like any other gentleman, Pip must strive to acquire all the ways of a gentleman, and for him the only option to do this lies in being better educated and improving his reading and writing: "writing some passages from a book, to improve myself in two ways at once by a sort of stratagem." Education for Pip is therefore vital, and has become the measure of his worth as Harold Bloom has pointed out: "For Pip, writing and reading will become the beginning of his accomplishments. They are the vehicles of his anticipated upward social mobility, and the expectation not only of greater wealth but of moral superiority as well. He recapitulates the historical experience by which oral culture is devalued and writing replaces spoken communication as the transcendent value of western culture. The subsequent plot reveals how Dickens is making an accounting of the costs and benefits of modernization: writing, the production of language, and the manipulation of words and capital have become the new measure of human worth". (Bloom, 2000) 1.3 Dickens as a social climber and Pip's aspirations As in David Copperfield which had definite autobiographical overtones, Dickens uses the first-person narrative style in Great Expectations as well, and if we look back on Dickens' youth, it is not hard to find similarities between his life and Pip's, and the ways in which the fictional Pip dealt with his issues the way his creator did in real life. In The Life of Charles Dickens, and Favorite Stories, Everett H. Rupert relates the dismal beginnings of Dickens' own education: "Such formal schooling as he got during his early childhood was little better than no schooling at all. His tired, over-worked mother taught him his letters, and later the rudiments of English and a little Latin". This can be very easily related to Pip's earliest encounters with education: "Much of my unassisted self, and more by the help of Biddy than of Mr. Wopsle's great-aunt, I struggled through the alphabet as if it had been a bramblebush; getting considerably worried and scratched by every letter. After that I fell among those thieves, the nine figures, who seemed every evening to do something new to disguise themselves and baffle recognition. But at

Effect of British Post-War Immigration Policy

Effect of British Post-War Immigration Policy This dissertation will examine in detail the extent to which British post-war immigration policy was used to pacify or appease racism in British society. As point of reference the following definition of racism is used: the overt and covert determination of actions, attitudes or policies by beliefs about racial characteristics accompanied by racist theories (Abercrombie, Hall Turner, 2000,p. 286). Racism in Britain was partly due to wishing to keep foreigners out especially non-whites and also ignorance of the cultures of the Black and Asian people that had been part of the British Empire and often held British passports. In 1948 the Atlee government surveyed public opinion about views on race and found that many whites believed that coloured people were promiscuous head hunters gifted at witchcraft and black magic with several wives each, surely an indictment of the British education system. It is no wonder with preconceptions like that there was always a sizable minority of whites who favoured restricting immigration and others that all non white immigrants and their British born children or grandchildren should be repatriated(Eatwell, 2003, p. 331). As shall be discussed in detail the British immigration policy during the post-war period has been changed from the open door policy towards all Commonwealth citizens to a tightening of immigration controls arguably if not always explicitly to restrict the number of non white immigrants into the country. Governments are the key decision-makers on immigration policy and providing they have complete control over legislation can encourage or restrict immigration whenever they want to. British governments are no exception to this, although they can be influenced by social, political and economic considerations. For much of the post-war era British governments were free to change immigration policy in any way they saw fit. However governments are susceptible to public opinion and prevailing social attitudes be they progressive or regressive in nature (Evans Newnham, 1998, p. 242). The immigration of Blacks and Asians into Britain was not a new phenomena experienced for the first time after 1945. In fact immigration had happened on a small scale for hundreds of years yet remained hardly noticed by the majority of the British society. Blacks and Asians had come to Britain for various reasons including the slave trade, being members of the merchant navy and the Royal Navy or the search for better lives and jobs. Britain had dominated the slave trade by transporting African slaves to the West Indies and the Americas before abolishing the trade itself in the early 1800s. The slave traders did not seem to have a racist motive in catchingAfricans; they just went for the people they could catch most easily.The legacy of the slave trade and the empire was that the white British tended to regard themselves as being better than the Black and Asian people they ruled. The slave trade had certainly helped to fund Britain’s economic and imperial expansion and meant Br itains imperial subjects would the have right to British citizenship. With British citizenship came the right to immigrate to Britain whether on a permanent basis or just for a temporary stay. Before 1945 the people of the new Commonwealth did not lack the rights to immigrate to Britain just the desire or the incentive. Racism was not seen as a problem that British society suffered from (Ramdin, 1999, pp.10-11). After the First World War the British government had not needed Black and Asian immigrants to help with reconstruction. As well as there being no official encouragement for immigration the poor shape of the British economy meant there was little chance of employment for immigrants or for all the white men demobilized from the armed forces. In fact unemployment was high for much of the 1920s and got even higher with the onset of the depression after 1929. During this period Britain did not tighten up its open door policy to immigration from the Empire. Yet when there was 2 million unemployed and immigrants would not have qualified for unemployment benefits Britain was not an attractive county to immigrate to (Pearce, 1992, p. 20). Those immigrants that did arrive in Britain found that the harsher economic conditions meant that more were opposed to their entry because of racism as well as the selfish desire to keep all jobs for themselves.Not all immigrants had bad experiences of livin g in Britain. Around400 Asians had settled in Glasgow and forged strong relationships with the local Scots especially with their contribution to the war effort during the Second World War (Ramdin, 1999, p. 139). Black and Asian people made vital contributions to the British war effort not only through their military and naval service but also by producing greater quantities of food plus other important supplies. In military terms the war had stretched Britain to its limit yet without African, WestIndian and Indian forces the situation would have been worse. Those former Black soldiers, sailors and aircrew believed their wartime service alone entitled them to immigrate to Britain if they wanted to(Hines, 1998, p.20). London was a beacon to those that immigrated to Britain or passing through during naval and military service, as it was the imperial and economic centre of the British empire (Okokon, 1998, p. 8). The emergence of the British Union of Fascists in the 1930s showed that there was support for racist ideas in Britain although at that time British Jews were the main targets of the BUF’s rhetoric and hatred.None of its members would have been averse to attacking or discriminating against Black and Asian immigrants. In the post-war era racists have happily supported the National Front and the British National Party (Pearce, 1992, p. 114). Those Black communities in Britain were familiar with racism and violent attacks. For instance there had been race riots against the Black people that lived in theTiger Bay area of Cardiff in 1919 as the dock owners tried to bar Blacks from working (Ramdin, 1999, p. 141). However after the Second World War the incoming Atlee government realized that Britain faced a serious shortage of labour. That shortage was solved by encouraging Black and Asian people in the new Commonwealth to immigrate to Britain to fill the vacant jobs and bring their families with them. The Atlee government had not seen racism, as a problem that should dictate changes in its immigration policy and for almost a decade neither did its Conservative successors. After allBlack and Asian immigrants legally had the same rights as white fellow citizens (although in practice discrimination restricted their rights)and there was by and large work for them. The government even got the former Prime Minister Winston Churchill to encourage West Indians to immigrate to Britain. Winston Churchill was well respected in the WestIndies, a respect that seemed to mutual as he regarded many WestIndians as been model citizens that could help the reconstruction of Britain and build themselves better ca reers and lives at the same time(Hines, 1998, p.14). Black and Asian immigrants were wanted to fill the vacancies that the white British either did not wish to fill or if there were not enough whites to fill the vacancies. Black immigrants were recruited in large numbers as bus drivers and industrial workers.They went all over Britain where ever there were jobs available. The creation of the National Health Service (NHS) meant that more Black workers were needed often men to be porters and women to beauxiliaries, cleaners or nurses. At the start of the post war period British immigration policy was open door towards Commonwealth citizens who were free to live and work in Britain as long as they could afford the air or more often the sea passage over. Many of the first generation of immigrants hoped to make enough in Britain to return home with their families (Gardiner and Wenborn, 1995, p. 188). Asian immigrants were mainly recruited to work within the textile industry in places such as Bradford, Blackburn and Oldham. WhereasBlack immigrants were usually Christians and were not too culturally different from the white population, Asian immigrants usually had different religions and were culturally distinct. However none of these immigrants could hide their skin colour and found they were not always welcome frequently facing racism and discrimination. Britain had granted independence to India in 1947, that was partitioned into India,East and West Pakistan. The citizens of these new countries alongside all other Commonwealth citizens were at that point free to immigrate to Britain and entitled to claim British citizenship. These rights were legally enshrined in the Nationalities Act of 1948 when economic self interest was more apparent than racism or any perceived need to appease or reduce it (Schama, 2002, p. 550). Large numbers of Asian immigrants brought multiculturalism to Britain. They also brought the Islamic, Hindu and Sikh religions too (Abercrombie, Hill Turner, 2000, p.232). Better-educated Asians would also join the NHS as doctors and dentists or become solicitors. Yet the majority of Black and Asian immigrants were only allowed to take semi or unskilled jobs (even if they were capable of more skilled work) that began to become scarcer towards the end of the 1950s. Thus reducing the economic urgency of continuing open door immigration policy (Schama, 2002, p. 550). Once larger numbers of immigrants arrived in Britain they found that although employment was readily available their opportunities were restricted and they faced both overt and covert racism. Some areas were more receptive to the new arrivals whereas other areas were down right hostile. British governments had hoped that the Black and Asian immigrants would eventually assimilate and integrate into British society as previous white immigrants had done. However this became increasingly unlikely as a result both of racism and the desire of immigrants to retain their cultural and religious identities. Unlike earlier Irish and Eastern European immigrants whose children might escape prejudice as they were white, Black and Asian immigrants knew that they and future generations would face ongoing racism. Racism appeared to be strongest in the areas where immigration had been most concentrated. These areas were the inner cities of London, Birmingham ,Manchester and Glasgow amongst others. The se areas were also the ones that tended to have the worst housing, health and education provision.Some whites were more than happy to mix with Black and Asian as witnessed by the success of the Notting Hill carnival. However there were also racists that caused tension and wanted immigration halted and perhaps even reversed. The presence of racism would mean that governments had to decide whether to counter, pacify or appease it by changing immigration policy, introducing race relations legislation or changing law and order considerations. Racists were and are voters and as both the Conservative and Labour parties believed that inner city and marginal seats could be vital to winning elections they were prepared to change immigration policy if they felt that was necessary.Changes to immigration policy since the 1960s amply demonstrate that the Conservative and Labour leadership were prepared to pacify and appease racism to win or retain power at general elections. The Conservatives we re probably more prepared to do so as they believed that many Blacks and Asians either voted Labour or did not vote at all(Watson, 1997, p. 423). Winston Churchill mentioned in cabinet meetings during 1954 that continued high levels of immigration â€Å"would sooner or later come to be resented by large sections of the British people†. Clearly the need for new immigrants to do the lowest status jobs was lessening (Hines, 1998, p.18). However events during the 1950s would lead the Conservative government to rethink immigration policy to pacify and appease racism within British society. There had been minor disturbances in Nottingham in August 1958 where Black people lived in some of the most deprived areas of the city. The Nottingham police commented on the high level of racist provocation abuse that the well behaved West Indian population had had to endure and were surprised that they had not reacted more violently (Ramdin, 1999, pp. 176-77). As most of the early immigrants intended to return home they were not as vocal as they could have been in speaking out against the discrimination and intimidation that they suffered far to frequently (Hines, 1998, p. 19). Racists supported the Union Movement, the successor of the pre-warBUF that would shift its emphasis from anti-Semitism to racial discrimination and hatred of non white immigrants. In 1945 the Union Movement leader Sir Oswald Mosley seemed to be an eccentric irrelevance at best and a racist anti-Semitic pro-Nazi traitor at worst, or more accurately he was both. The Union Movement would have an influence out of proportion to its size in the changing of immigration policy to pacify or appease racism in society. In the 1950s Mosley decided that raising the race issue was the best way of increasing support for theFar Right in Britain or at the very least raising its profile. Whereas the Conservative government were at that time unwilling to change its immigration policy to pacify and appease racism within British society. Some of the government’s members and their advisors had considered including promises to restrict immigration as part of the Conservative party election manifesto for 1959 but instead concentrated on telling the electorate that they had never been so well of. That shows that the immigration issue was seen as being too important to be ignored. Mosley believed that the immigration would be the key to reviving his political fortunes. The Notting Hill riots of 1958 made Mosley think that the racist vote would be high enough for him to be elected for Notting Hill following the 1959 general election. Mosley’ shopes were dashed. The Union Movement remained small with only 5,000members. The revival of the Far Right in Britain was prevented by the rightward drift of the Conservative party over immigration policy that pacified and appeased racism (Eatwell, 2003, pp. 331-32). Although the Black communities in Nottingham and Notting Hill had been the victims of discrimination and violence they were effectively punished instead of helped by the government with the subsequent changes to British immigration policy. Aside from the nine white Teddyboys jailed for their part in the rioting the resulting changes inimmigration policy were a reward for racism, intimidation and discrimination. The Conservative government were unwilling to introduce anti racist discrimination laws on the grounds that the law already provided adequate punishment for anybody convicted for racially motivated violence, even if the racist could only get convicted for assault but not incitement (Ramdin, 1999, pp. 177-78). By 1962 the Conservative government had changed its mind about restricting immigration for Blacks and Asians bowing to fears amongst parts of middle class suburbia of allowing too many non whites into the country and rising levels of tension in the inner cities. Restrictions were supposed to reduce racial tensions in the areas were immigrants had already settled. The lack of protection for Black and Asian immigrants from racism and discrimination should have been obvious but only the Liberal party saw the need to introduce legislation to counter the problem. The Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962 reversed the open door immigration policy and allowed only those with guaranteed jobs with the work voucher to prove it, their families and students with confirmed university places to enter Britain (Gardiner Wenborn,1995, p. 188). If the aim of the act of was to keep the Conservatives in power it failed. In the short term aware of the forthcoming restrictions as many immigrants as possibl e came to Britain, 100,000 in1962 alone. There were exceptions for relatives or perspective spouses to enter the country but they had to prove their ties to people already here (Schama, 2002, p. 551). Immigration would decline markedly after the 1962 Act but as a political issue it has not gone away and has frequently been used by the Conservative party and those parties further to the right to gain electoral support. The Labour party despite anything it may have promised during periods of opposition did not remove the restrictions on immigration imposed by the Conservatives to pacify and appease racism in British society (Goldbourne, 1998, pp.51-2). In opposition the Labour party had been critical of the restrictions imposed through the 1962 act claiming that it was giving in to racist demands. However Labour had to balance keeping the votes of Labour supporters who were against immigration and gaining the vote of the nonwhite voters already in Britain. However once in power the Wilson government would further restrict Black and Asian immigration from theCommonwealth rather than restoring the open door immigration policy abandoned in 1962. The number of work vouchers for potential workers from the new Commonwealth that would allow them to work and live in Britain was further reduced to 8,500 per year in 1965. The Wilson government was reelected after a landslide victory in 1966 without race or immigration featuring heavily in the campaign and the Conservatives seemingly destined for a long stint in opposition. The next controversy over race that led to the Labour government changing immigration policy to pacify or appease racism in British society was as a result of events in Kenya. Kenya was a newly independent member of the Commonwealth that had a sizable minority of Asians that were descended from 19th century immigrants that Britain had recruited to staff the civil service and the railways. The Kenyan Asians were vital to the Kenyan economy yet the Kenyan government wished to deport its entire Asian population to keep the country for Africans only. This overt and outrageous piece of racism was thinly veiled under the termAfricanization. The British government had a responsibility to protect and give refuge to the Kenyan Asians as they held British passports.The Labour government’s Home Secretary Jim Callaghan was anxious to keep the entry of Kenyan Asians to the barest minimum by trying to get other Commonwealth countries to grant them asylum. The Immigration Act of 1968 was amended before its passing to allow only 1500 Kenyan Asian holding British passports and their families to gain entry to B ritain every year. It just happened that 1968 was the year that racism and immigration policy were put firmly in the public spotlight by the soon to be infamous speech of a single Conservative MP from the WestMidlands (Watson, 1997,p. 424). On 20 April 1968 in his home city of Birmingham the maverick yet intellectually capable Conservative front bench MP for Wolverhampton, Enoch Powell made a speech that caused race and immigration policy to go to the top of the political agenda. In his speech Powell called for the further restriction of immigration and to close the loopholes that allowed the relatives of those already settled in Britain to join their families. Powell believed that families should not be reunited and that those not already in Britain should not be allowed entry at all.The following section is the part of the speech that caused so much controversy:Those whom the gods wish to destroy, they first made mad. We must be mad, literally mad, as a nation to be permitting the annual inflow of some 50,000 dependents, who are for the most part the material of the future growth of the immigrant-descended population†¦ As I look ahead, I am filled with forboding. Like the Roman, I seem to see â€Å"the river Tib er foaming with much blood† (Comfort, 1993, p.524). The liberal minded Leader of the Opposition, Edward Heath was caught in a quandary as to whether to sack Powell from the shadow front bench or use the race issue in order to win the next general election. In the end he actually did both. Powell defended his speech saying he was warning about the harmful social consequences of too much immigration in producing racial tensions not to make those tensions worse. Heath sacked Powell from the shadow cabinet but did not expel him from the Conservative party, although Powell would have probably responded by standing as an independent candidate. Powell received over 100,000letters supporting his views and there were protests and strikes in his favour to (Comfort, 1993, p. 524). Enoch Powell found that his speech had been supported by around 75% of the British population according to opinion polls afterwards. Powell had hoped to make the Conservative party harder on immigration policy than the Labour party and that perception certainly helped Heath become Prime Minister, with anti-immigration and racist Labour voters to switch their support(Eatwell, 2003, p.337). The left wing cabinet minister Tony Benn was certainly not the only one dismayed at the Rivers of Blood speech as it gave fascists,neo-nazis and racists to protest against immigrants and it helped spread their racist propaganda. Powell had given them a great boast as immigration and race received more media coverage than usual. The uproar meant that if there were going to be further changes in British immigration policy those changes would be further restrictions to pacify and appease racism rather than liberalize policy. Benn had respected Powell’s abilities and would even work with him to stop British entry into the Common Market, however he resented Powell making the race and immigration issues â€Å"very dangerous and difficult.† Benn feared that the speech would be used to incite racial hatred and violence (Benn, 1988, p.60). For the Black and Asian communities the whole episode showed how ingrained racism and xenophobia was in British society. With public opinion on immigration so much in favour of restrictive or non existent immigration for non whites it was hardly surprising if British governments changed policy to pamper those view seven if it does show their lack of courage. It demonstrates that for most politicians it is more important to gain and hold power than it is to counter racism and discrimination (Evans, 2000, p.43). The uproar over Enoch Powell gave the Wilson government an excuse to restrict the number of Kenyan Asians allowed entry into Britain (not that it needed any). Wilson had been confident of a third election victory in June 1970. During that campaign Powell continued to raise the race issue and Heath promised to tighten up immigration policy if he was elected. Heath condemned Powell’s racism at the same time he was promising to pacify and appease racism through immigration policy. The race issue was widely seen as contributing to Heaths surprise election victory. Some commentators such as Jonathan Dimbleby even blamed TonyBenn for his denouncements of Powell (Benn, 1988, p. 294). The harsh reality of racism and the growing possibilities of restricted immigration led to the setting up of groups and organisations amongst immigrant communities to protect themselves as the government and political establishment did not. Such groups included the West IndianStanding Conference (WISC), the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination(CARD) and the Indian Workers Association of Great Britain (IWA). These groups made their views known through demonstrations, rallies and journals or their own publications like the Race Collective (Hines,1998, pp. 69-72). These groups would also receive support from white sympathizers in the Anti-Nazi League plus left wing members of the Labour party like Tony Benn or the Liberals (Ramdin, 1999, p. 246). According to the 1971 census 6 % of the British population had been born outside of the United Kingdom. Around 1.1 million were Black and Asian immigrants from the new Commonwealth representing 2.3% of the British population. A further 900,000 Black and Asian people were born in Britain and had no memories of their parents homelands. The percentage of the Black and Asian population born in Britain would increase, even as the level of immigration was restricted. These figures do not justify the hysteria and the suggestions of been swamped by immigrants that Powell and others talked about (Watson, 1997,p.423). The immigration policy of the Heath government might as well have been decided by Enoch Powell himself. The Immigration Act of 1971 redefined British citizen in a much more restricted and marrow way compared to the Nationalities Act of 1948. Instead of either having British and passports or not, several sub categories of citizenship were defined in the Act. Each category allowed a different degree of citizenship that in turn granted different rights of entry into Britain. The new system was designed in such a way that right of entry into Britain was determined almost entirely on the basis of any potential immigrants skin colour, unless of course Black and Asian immigrants had a grandfather born in Britain. This act meant that countless numbers of whites in the old Commonwealth could immigrate to Britain if they wanted to. However those Black and Asian that had obtained British passports before their countries gained independence found those British passports to be completely worthless. Enoch Powellheartily endorsed the 1971 Immigration Act, as it seemed the ultimate example of changing immigration policy to pacify and appease racism(Goldbourne, 1998, p.53). Powell did not stay happy with the Conservative leadership after Heath took Britain into the EuropeanUnion. In both elections of 1974 he urged Conservative voters to vote Labour as he believed a Labour g overnment would take Britain out of it.Perhaps much to the relief of Heath, Powell became an Ulster UnionistMP in 1974. Powell would have more in common with Heath’s successor, Margaret Thatcher in terms of immigration policy (Gardiner Wenborn, 1995, p. 613). This section of the dissertation will be shorter than the previous one.That is because there are fewer plausible arguments against the case that British immigration policy was changed to pacify or appease racism in British society. There were however justifications or compensations for the changes in immigration policy mainly relating to the alleged benefits and advantages of pacifying but not appeasing racism in British society. British governments could claim that its main responsibilities are for and to the people that live in Britain already whatever their race and ethnicity. Governments could argue that there were pragmatic, social and economic reasons for restricting non white immigration that was not adopted to pacify or appease racism in British society even if that was its unintended consequences. For instance British governments could argue that the deteriorating economic position of Britain meant that there were fewer jobs for Black and Asian to come to Britain to fill. Th erefore it would not be fair to allow them entry to stay on social security benefits for most of their working lives. The Heath government was committed to making the British economy more effective yet its plans came unstuck due to widespread industrial unrest and the oil crisis of 1973. The Wilson and Callaghan governments faced ever worsening economic conditions that forced Labour to abandon the post-war policy of working towards full employment. The harsher economic and social policies later known as Thatcherism made things even harder for Blacks and Asians that were already deprived and discriminated against (Black, 2000, pp. 212-15). Despite the tight restrictions on non-white immigration introduced by the Immigration Act of 1971 Heath would prove capable of revising the policy because of the crisis in Uganda. Idi Amin the Ugandan dictator following the example of the Kenyans had expelled all of the Ugandan Asians. Heath let some of the Ugandan Asians in to Britain(Eatwell, 2003,p.337). Heath tried to persuade as many countries as possible to give the Ugandan Asians refuge so his government did not have to (Watson 1997, p. 424). Pacifying racism in British society might not have been such a bad thing if it meant that the majority of Black and Asian people could lead their lives free from violence if not from discrimination. Arguably restricting non white immigration meant that Britain did not experience any race riots from Notting Hill in 1958 to the riots of1981. The Labour governments of 1964-70 and 1974-79 could justify continued immigration policy restrictions by claiming that Labour governments were the most beneficial governments for Black and Asian people and communities in Britain in terms of social and economic policies. Their case would be based on the fact that Labour was the party most determined to counter discrimination and tackle racism for those non whites already here for the cost of restricting further nonwhite immigration. Labour was committed to improving public services and reducing poverty that would certainly help the majority of Black and Asian people that lived in more deprived areas . It was the Labour party that passed the three Race Relations Acts of 1965, 1968 and1976. These acts showed that the Labour governments would not appease or condone racism in domestic policy and showed their intent to lessen discrimination within British society (Black, 2000, p. 123). SometimesBritish public opinion has encouraged governments to allow immigrants when there has been a crisis or disaster. In the mid 1970s for instance Britain took some of the Vietnamese refugees often referred to as boat people (Evans, 2000, p.43). The immigration of Black and Asian people into Britain had a noticeable impact on British society leading to the phenomena of multiculturalism. These people brought in their own cultures, religions and perhaps to a lesser extent literature. Asians in particular could point out past academic and literal achievements(Ramdin, 1999, p.70). The issues of racism and immigration would lead to the production of large volumes of literature and writings both in justification, explanation or refutation of racism and immigration restrictions. Nobody could argue that Enoch Powell was academically backward and on the verge of illiteracy. In fact that is why he had such an impact on the immigration and race issues. He was not an ill-educated skinhead or violent Teddy boy but a former professor of classics and cabinet minister capable of rational arguments. In just one speech he had a much greater impact on immigration policy than any number of race riots or odious racial assaults (Comfort, 1993, 52 4).Even the fascist and neo-fascist organisations have produced literature to promote their views, it might not be up to Noble prize winning standards but it certainly has convinced enough people to support them. Oswald Mosley himself had been a prolific if not always coherent writer. The eventual leader of the National Front, JohnTyndall although more accustomed to inciting skinheads put forward his views in Six Principles of Nationalism published in 1966 (Eatwell,2003, p. 335). The effect that the tabloid newspapers and the more respectable right wing broad sheets can have on the issues of race and immigration cannot be ignored. When the newspapers are spreading fear and rumours of further immigration it is hardly conducive for British governments to reverse immigration controls on non-whites. For instance the reluctance of the Wilson and Heath governments to allow the Kenyan and Ugandan Asians into Britain (Watson, 1997, pp. 424-25). For the West Indians, Africans and the better educated Asians their education had largely been based on the English education system, hence the respect that many of them held Britain prior to immigration. In theWest Indies, English was the spoken language, whilst in the former colonies of Asia and Africa, English was the common language of the administrators and the social, economic and political elites.Therefore many Black people were literate if not better educated than their white counterparts. Discrimination and the desire to restrict immigration resulted from the abilities of immigrants Effect of British Post-War Immigration Policy Effect of British Post-War Immigration Policy This dissertation will examine in detail the extent to which British post-war immigration policy was used to pacify or appease racism in British society. As point of reference the following definition of racism is used: the overt and covert determination of actions, attitudes or policies by beliefs about racial characteristics accompanied by racist theories (Abercrombie, Hall Turner, 2000,p. 286). Racism in Britain was partly due to wishing to keep foreigners out especially non-whites and also ignorance of the cultures of the Black and Asian people that had been part of the British Empire and often held British passports. In 1948 the Atlee government surveyed public opinion about views on race and found that many whites believed that coloured people were promiscuous head hunters gifted at witchcraft and black magic with several wives each, surely an indictment of the British education system. It is no wonder with preconceptions like that there was always a sizable minority of whites who favoured restricting immigration and others that all non white immigrants and their British born children or grandchildren should be repatriated(Eatwell, 2003, p. 331). As shall be discussed in detail the British immigration policy during the post-war period has been changed from the open door policy towards all Commonwealth citizens to a tightening of immigration controls arguably if not always explicitly to restrict the number of non white immigrants into the country. Governments are the key decision-makers on immigration policy and providing they have complete control over legislation can encourage or restrict immigration whenever they want to. British governments are no exception to this, although they can be influenced by social, political and economic considerations. For much of the post-war era British governments were free to change immigration policy in any way they saw fit. However governments are susceptible to public opinion and prevailing social attitudes be they progressive or regressive in nature (Evans Newnham, 1998, p. 242). The immigration of Blacks and Asians into Britain was not a new phenomena experienced for the first time after 1945. In fact immigration had happened on a small scale for hundreds of years yet remained hardly noticed by the majority of the British society. Blacks and Asians had come to Britain for various reasons including the slave trade, being members of the merchant navy and the Royal Navy or the search for better lives and jobs. Britain had dominated the slave trade by transporting African slaves to the West Indies and the Americas before abolishing the trade itself in the early 1800s. The slave traders did not seem to have a racist motive in catchingAfricans; they just went for the people they could catch most easily.The legacy of the slave trade and the empire was that the white British tended to regard themselves as being better than the Black and Asian people they ruled. The slave trade had certainly helped to fund Britain’s economic and imperial expansion and meant Br itains imperial subjects would the have right to British citizenship. With British citizenship came the right to immigrate to Britain whether on a permanent basis or just for a temporary stay. Before 1945 the people of the new Commonwealth did not lack the rights to immigrate to Britain just the desire or the incentive. Racism was not seen as a problem that British society suffered from (Ramdin, 1999, pp.10-11). After the First World War the British government had not needed Black and Asian immigrants to help with reconstruction. As well as there being no official encouragement for immigration the poor shape of the British economy meant there was little chance of employment for immigrants or for all the white men demobilized from the armed forces. In fact unemployment was high for much of the 1920s and got even higher with the onset of the depression after 1929. During this period Britain did not tighten up its open door policy to immigration from the Empire. Yet when there was 2 million unemployed and immigrants would not have qualified for unemployment benefits Britain was not an attractive county to immigrate to (Pearce, 1992, p. 20). Those immigrants that did arrive in Britain found that the harsher economic conditions meant that more were opposed to their entry because of racism as well as the selfish desire to keep all jobs for themselves.Not all immigrants had bad experiences of livin g in Britain. Around400 Asians had settled in Glasgow and forged strong relationships with the local Scots especially with their contribution to the war effort during the Second World War (Ramdin, 1999, p. 139). Black and Asian people made vital contributions to the British war effort not only through their military and naval service but also by producing greater quantities of food plus other important supplies. In military terms the war had stretched Britain to its limit yet without African, WestIndian and Indian forces the situation would have been worse. Those former Black soldiers, sailors and aircrew believed their wartime service alone entitled them to immigrate to Britain if they wanted to(Hines, 1998, p.20). London was a beacon to those that immigrated to Britain or passing through during naval and military service, as it was the imperial and economic centre of the British empire (Okokon, 1998, p. 8). The emergence of the British Union of Fascists in the 1930s showed that there was support for racist ideas in Britain although at that time British Jews were the main targets of the BUF’s rhetoric and hatred.None of its members would have been averse to attacking or discriminating against Black and Asian immigrants. In the post-war era racists have happily supported the National Front and the British National Party (Pearce, 1992, p. 114). Those Black communities in Britain were familiar with racism and violent attacks. For instance there had been race riots against the Black people that lived in theTiger Bay area of Cardiff in 1919 as the dock owners tried to bar Blacks from working (Ramdin, 1999, p. 141). However after the Second World War the incoming Atlee government realized that Britain faced a serious shortage of labour. That shortage was solved by encouraging Black and Asian people in the new Commonwealth to immigrate to Britain to fill the vacant jobs and bring their families with them. The Atlee government had not seen racism, as a problem that should dictate changes in its immigration policy and for almost a decade neither did its Conservative successors. After allBlack and Asian immigrants legally had the same rights as white fellow citizens (although in practice discrimination restricted their rights)and there was by and large work for them. The government even got the former Prime Minister Winston Churchill to encourage West Indians to immigrate to Britain. Winston Churchill was well respected in the WestIndies, a respect that seemed to mutual as he regarded many WestIndians as been model citizens that could help the reconstruction of Britain and build themselves better ca reers and lives at the same time(Hines, 1998, p.14). Black and Asian immigrants were wanted to fill the vacancies that the white British either did not wish to fill or if there were not enough whites to fill the vacancies. Black immigrants were recruited in large numbers as bus drivers and industrial workers.They went all over Britain where ever there were jobs available. The creation of the National Health Service (NHS) meant that more Black workers were needed often men to be porters and women to beauxiliaries, cleaners or nurses. At the start of the post war period British immigration policy was open door towards Commonwealth citizens who were free to live and work in Britain as long as they could afford the air or more often the sea passage over. Many of the first generation of immigrants hoped to make enough in Britain to return home with their families (Gardiner and Wenborn, 1995, p. 188). Asian immigrants were mainly recruited to work within the textile industry in places such as Bradford, Blackburn and Oldham. WhereasBlack immigrants were usually Christians and were not too culturally different from the white population, Asian immigrants usually had different religions and were culturally distinct. However none of these immigrants could hide their skin colour and found they were not always welcome frequently facing racism and discrimination. Britain had granted independence to India in 1947, that was partitioned into India,East and West Pakistan. The citizens of these new countries alongside all other Commonwealth citizens were at that point free to immigrate to Britain and entitled to claim British citizenship. These rights were legally enshrined in the Nationalities Act of 1948 when economic self interest was more apparent than racism or any perceived need to appease or reduce it (Schama, 2002, p. 550). Large numbers of Asian immigrants brought multiculturalism to Britain. They also brought the Islamic, Hindu and Sikh religions too (Abercrombie, Hill Turner, 2000, p.232). Better-educated Asians would also join the NHS as doctors and dentists or become solicitors. Yet the majority of Black and Asian immigrants were only allowed to take semi or unskilled jobs (even if they were capable of more skilled work) that began to become scarcer towards the end of the 1950s. Thus reducing the economic urgency of continuing open door immigration policy (Schama, 2002, p. 550). Once larger numbers of immigrants arrived in Britain they found that although employment was readily available their opportunities were restricted and they faced both overt and covert racism. Some areas were more receptive to the new arrivals whereas other areas were down right hostile. British governments had hoped that the Black and Asian immigrants would eventually assimilate and integrate into British society as previous white immigrants had done. However this became increasingly unlikely as a result both of racism and the desire of immigrants to retain their cultural and religious identities. Unlike earlier Irish and Eastern European immigrants whose children might escape prejudice as they were white, Black and Asian immigrants knew that they and future generations would face ongoing racism. Racism appeared to be strongest in the areas where immigration had been most concentrated. These areas were the inner cities of London, Birmingham ,Manchester and Glasgow amongst others. The se areas were also the ones that tended to have the worst housing, health and education provision.Some whites were more than happy to mix with Black and Asian as witnessed by the success of the Notting Hill carnival. However there were also racists that caused tension and wanted immigration halted and perhaps even reversed. The presence of racism would mean that governments had to decide whether to counter, pacify or appease it by changing immigration policy, introducing race relations legislation or changing law and order considerations. Racists were and are voters and as both the Conservative and Labour parties believed that inner city and marginal seats could be vital to winning elections they were prepared to change immigration policy if they felt that was necessary.Changes to immigration policy since the 1960s amply demonstrate that the Conservative and Labour leadership were prepared to pacify and appease racism to win or retain power at general elections. The Conservatives we re probably more prepared to do so as they believed that many Blacks and Asians either voted Labour or did not vote at all(Watson, 1997, p. 423). Winston Churchill mentioned in cabinet meetings during 1954 that continued high levels of immigration â€Å"would sooner or later come to be resented by large sections of the British people†. Clearly the need for new immigrants to do the lowest status jobs was lessening (Hines, 1998, p.18). However events during the 1950s would lead the Conservative government to rethink immigration policy to pacify and appease racism within British society. There had been minor disturbances in Nottingham in August 1958 where Black people lived in some of the most deprived areas of the city. The Nottingham police commented on the high level of racist provocation abuse that the well behaved West Indian population had had to endure and were surprised that they had not reacted more violently (Ramdin, 1999, pp. 176-77). As most of the early immigrants intended to return home they were not as vocal as they could have been in speaking out against the discrimination and intimidation that they suffered far to frequently (Hines, 1998, p. 19). Racists supported the Union Movement, the successor of the pre-warBUF that would shift its emphasis from anti-Semitism to racial discrimination and hatred of non white immigrants. In 1945 the Union Movement leader Sir Oswald Mosley seemed to be an eccentric irrelevance at best and a racist anti-Semitic pro-Nazi traitor at worst, or more accurately he was both. The Union Movement would have an influence out of proportion to its size in the changing of immigration policy to pacify or appease racism in society. In the 1950s Mosley decided that raising the race issue was the best way of increasing support for theFar Right in Britain or at the very least raising its profile. Whereas the Conservative government were at that time unwilling to change its immigration policy to pacify and appease racism within British society. Some of the government’s members and their advisors had considered including promises to restrict immigration as part of the Conservative party election manifesto for 1959 but instead concentrated on telling the electorate that they had never been so well of. That shows that the immigration issue was seen as being too important to be ignored. Mosley believed that the immigration would be the key to reviving his political fortunes. The Notting Hill riots of 1958 made Mosley think that the racist vote would be high enough for him to be elected for Notting Hill following the 1959 general election. Mosley’ shopes were dashed. The Union Movement remained small with only 5,000members. The revival of the Far Right in Britain was prevented by the rightward drift of the Conservative party over immigration policy that pacified and appeased racism (Eatwell, 2003, pp. 331-32). Although the Black communities in Nottingham and Notting Hill had been the victims of discrimination and violence they were effectively punished instead of helped by the government with the subsequent changes to British immigration policy. Aside from the nine white Teddyboys jailed for their part in the rioting the resulting changes inimmigration policy were a reward for racism, intimidation and discrimination. The Conservative government were unwilling to introduce anti racist discrimination laws on the grounds that the law already provided adequate punishment for anybody convicted for racially motivated violence, even if the racist could only get convicted for assault but not incitement (Ramdin, 1999, pp. 177-78). By 1962 the Conservative government had changed its mind about restricting immigration for Blacks and Asians bowing to fears amongst parts of middle class suburbia of allowing too many non whites into the country and rising levels of tension in the inner cities. Restrictions were supposed to reduce racial tensions in the areas were immigrants had already settled. The lack of protection for Black and Asian immigrants from racism and discrimination should have been obvious but only the Liberal party saw the need to introduce legislation to counter the problem. The Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962 reversed the open door immigration policy and allowed only those with guaranteed jobs with the work voucher to prove it, their families and students with confirmed university places to enter Britain (Gardiner Wenborn,1995, p. 188). If the aim of the act of was to keep the Conservatives in power it failed. In the short term aware of the forthcoming restrictions as many immigrants as possibl e came to Britain, 100,000 in1962 alone. There were exceptions for relatives or perspective spouses to enter the country but they had to prove their ties to people already here (Schama, 2002, p. 551). Immigration would decline markedly after the 1962 Act but as a political issue it has not gone away and has frequently been used by the Conservative party and those parties further to the right to gain electoral support. The Labour party despite anything it may have promised during periods of opposition did not remove the restrictions on immigration imposed by the Conservatives to pacify and appease racism in British society (Goldbourne, 1998, pp.51-2). In opposition the Labour party had been critical of the restrictions imposed through the 1962 act claiming that it was giving in to racist demands. However Labour had to balance keeping the votes of Labour supporters who were against immigration and gaining the vote of the nonwhite voters already in Britain. However once in power the Wilson government would further restrict Black and Asian immigration from theCommonwealth rather than restoring the open door immigration policy abandoned in 1962. The number of work vouchers for potential workers from the new Commonwealth that would allow them to work and live in Britain was further reduced to 8,500 per year in 1965. The Wilson government was reelected after a landslide victory in 1966 without race or immigration featuring heavily in the campaign and the Conservatives seemingly destined for a long stint in opposition. The next controversy over race that led to the Labour government changing immigration policy to pacify or appease racism in British society was as a result of events in Kenya. Kenya was a newly independent member of the Commonwealth that had a sizable minority of Asians that were descended from 19th century immigrants that Britain had recruited to staff the civil service and the railways. The Kenyan Asians were vital to the Kenyan economy yet the Kenyan government wished to deport its entire Asian population to keep the country for Africans only. This overt and outrageous piece of racism was thinly veiled under the termAfricanization. The British government had a responsibility to protect and give refuge to the Kenyan Asians as they held British passports.The Labour government’s Home Secretary Jim Callaghan was anxious to keep the entry of Kenyan Asians to the barest minimum by trying to get other Commonwealth countries to grant them asylum. The Immigration Act of 1968 was amended before its passing to allow only 1500 Kenyan Asian holding British passports and their families to gain entry to B ritain every year. It just happened that 1968 was the year that racism and immigration policy were put firmly in the public spotlight by the soon to be infamous speech of a single Conservative MP from the WestMidlands (Watson, 1997,p. 424). On 20 April 1968 in his home city of Birmingham the maverick yet intellectually capable Conservative front bench MP for Wolverhampton, Enoch Powell made a speech that caused race and immigration policy to go to the top of the political agenda. In his speech Powell called for the further restriction of immigration and to close the loopholes that allowed the relatives of those already settled in Britain to join their families. Powell believed that families should not be reunited and that those not already in Britain should not be allowed entry at all.The following section is the part of the speech that caused so much controversy:Those whom the gods wish to destroy, they first made mad. We must be mad, literally mad, as a nation to be permitting the annual inflow of some 50,000 dependents, who are for the most part the material of the future growth of the immigrant-descended population†¦ As I look ahead, I am filled with forboding. Like the Roman, I seem to see â€Å"the river Tib er foaming with much blood† (Comfort, 1993, p.524). The liberal minded Leader of the Opposition, Edward Heath was caught in a quandary as to whether to sack Powell from the shadow front bench or use the race issue in order to win the next general election. In the end he actually did both. Powell defended his speech saying he was warning about the harmful social consequences of too much immigration in producing racial tensions not to make those tensions worse. Heath sacked Powell from the shadow cabinet but did not expel him from the Conservative party, although Powell would have probably responded by standing as an independent candidate. Powell received over 100,000letters supporting his views and there were protests and strikes in his favour to (Comfort, 1993, p. 524). Enoch Powell found that his speech had been supported by around 75% of the British population according to opinion polls afterwards. Powell had hoped to make the Conservative party harder on immigration policy than the Labour party and that perception certainly helped Heath become Prime Minister, with anti-immigration and racist Labour voters to switch their support(Eatwell, 2003, p.337). The left wing cabinet minister Tony Benn was certainly not the only one dismayed at the Rivers of Blood speech as it gave fascists,neo-nazis and racists to protest against immigrants and it helped spread their racist propaganda. Powell had given them a great boast as immigration and race received more media coverage than usual. The uproar meant that if there were going to be further changes in British immigration policy those changes would be further restrictions to pacify and appease racism rather than liberalize policy. Benn had respected Powell’s abilities and would even work with him to stop British entry into the Common Market, however he resented Powell making the race and immigration issues â€Å"very dangerous and difficult.† Benn feared that the speech would be used to incite racial hatred and violence (Benn, 1988, p.60). For the Black and Asian communities the whole episode showed how ingrained racism and xenophobia was in British society. With public opinion on immigration so much in favour of restrictive or non existent immigration for non whites it was hardly surprising if British governments changed policy to pamper those view seven if it does show their lack of courage. It demonstrates that for most politicians it is more important to gain and hold power than it is to counter racism and discrimination (Evans, 2000, p.43). The uproar over Enoch Powell gave the Wilson government an excuse to restrict the number of Kenyan Asians allowed entry into Britain (not that it needed any). Wilson had been confident of a third election victory in June 1970. During that campaign Powell continued to raise the race issue and Heath promised to tighten up immigration policy if he was elected. Heath condemned Powell’s racism at the same time he was promising to pacify and appease racism through immigration policy. The race issue was widely seen as contributing to Heaths surprise election victory. Some commentators such as Jonathan Dimbleby even blamed TonyBenn for his denouncements of Powell (Benn, 1988, p. 294). The harsh reality of racism and the growing possibilities of restricted immigration led to the setting up of groups and organisations amongst immigrant communities to protect themselves as the government and political establishment did not. Such groups included the West IndianStanding Conference (WISC), the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination(CARD) and the Indian Workers Association of Great Britain (IWA). These groups made their views known through demonstrations, rallies and journals or their own publications like the Race Collective (Hines,1998, pp. 69-72). These groups would also receive support from white sympathizers in the Anti-Nazi League plus left wing members of the Labour party like Tony Benn or the Liberals (Ramdin, 1999, p. 246). According to the 1971 census 6 % of the British population had been born outside of the United Kingdom. Around 1.1 million were Black and Asian immigrants from the new Commonwealth representing 2.3% of the British population. A further 900,000 Black and Asian people were born in Britain and had no memories of their parents homelands. The percentage of the Black and Asian population born in Britain would increase, even as the level of immigration was restricted. These figures do not justify the hysteria and the suggestions of been swamped by immigrants that Powell and others talked about (Watson, 1997,p.423). The immigration policy of the Heath government might as well have been decided by Enoch Powell himself. The Immigration Act of 1971 redefined British citizen in a much more restricted and marrow way compared to the Nationalities Act of 1948. Instead of either having British and passports or not, several sub categories of citizenship were defined in the Act. Each category allowed a different degree of citizenship that in turn granted different rights of entry into Britain. The new system was designed in such a way that right of entry into Britain was determined almost entirely on the basis of any potential immigrants skin colour, unless of course Black and Asian immigrants had a grandfather born in Britain. This act meant that countless numbers of whites in the old Commonwealth could immigrate to Britain if they wanted to. However those Black and Asian that had obtained British passports before their countries gained independence found those British passports to be completely worthless. Enoch Powellheartily endorsed the 1971 Immigration Act, as it seemed the ultimate example of changing immigration policy to pacify and appease racism(Goldbourne, 1998, p.53). Powell did not stay happy with the Conservative leadership after Heath took Britain into the EuropeanUnion. In both elections of 1974 he urged Conservative voters to vote Labour as he believed a Labour g overnment would take Britain out of it.Perhaps much to the relief of Heath, Powell became an Ulster UnionistMP in 1974. Powell would have more in common with Heath’s successor, Margaret Thatcher in terms of immigration policy (Gardiner Wenborn, 1995, p. 613). This section of the dissertation will be shorter than the previous one.That is because there are fewer plausible arguments against the case that British immigration policy was changed to pacify or appease racism in British society. There were however justifications or compensations for the changes in immigration policy mainly relating to the alleged benefits and advantages of pacifying but not appeasing racism in British society. British governments could claim that its main responsibilities are for and to the people that live in Britain already whatever their race and ethnicity. Governments could argue that there were pragmatic, social and economic reasons for restricting non white immigration that was not adopted to pacify or appease racism in British society even if that was its unintended consequences. For instance British governments could argue that the deteriorating economic position of Britain meant that there were fewer jobs for Black and Asian to come to Britain to fill. Th erefore it would not be fair to allow them entry to stay on social security benefits for most of their working lives. The Heath government was committed to making the British economy more effective yet its plans came unstuck due to widespread industrial unrest and the oil crisis of 1973. The Wilson and Callaghan governments faced ever worsening economic conditions that forced Labour to abandon the post-war policy of working towards full employment. The harsher economic and social policies later known as Thatcherism made things even harder for Blacks and Asians that were already deprived and discriminated against (Black, 2000, pp. 212-15). Despite the tight restrictions on non-white immigration introduced by the Immigration Act of 1971 Heath would prove capable of revising the policy because of the crisis in Uganda. Idi Amin the Ugandan dictator following the example of the Kenyans had expelled all of the Ugandan Asians. Heath let some of the Ugandan Asians in to Britain(Eatwell, 2003,p.337). Heath tried to persuade as many countries as possible to give the Ugandan Asians refuge so his government did not have to (Watson 1997, p. 424). Pacifying racism in British society might not have been such a bad thing if it meant that the majority of Black and Asian people could lead their lives free from violence if not from discrimination. Arguably restricting non white immigration meant that Britain did not experience any race riots from Notting Hill in 1958 to the riots of1981. The Labour governments of 1964-70 and 1974-79 could justify continued immigration policy restrictions by claiming that Labour governments were the most beneficial governments for Black and Asian people and communities in Britain in terms of social and economic policies. Their case would be based on the fact that Labour was the party most determined to counter discrimination and tackle racism for those non whites already here for the cost of restricting further nonwhite immigration. Labour was committed to improving public services and reducing poverty that would certainly help the majority of Black and Asian people that lived in more deprived areas . It was the Labour party that passed the three Race Relations Acts of 1965, 1968 and1976. These acts showed that the Labour governments would not appease or condone racism in domestic policy and showed their intent to lessen discrimination within British society (Black, 2000, p. 123). SometimesBritish public opinion has encouraged governments to allow immigrants when there has been a crisis or disaster. In the mid 1970s for instance Britain took some of the Vietnamese refugees often referred to as boat people (Evans, 2000, p.43). The immigration of Black and Asian people into Britain had a noticeable impact on British society leading to the phenomena of multiculturalism. These people brought in their own cultures, religions and perhaps to a lesser extent literature. Asians in particular could point out past academic and literal achievements(Ramdin, 1999, p.70). The issues of racism and immigration would lead to the production of large volumes of literature and writings both in justification, explanation or refutation of racism and immigration restrictions. Nobody could argue that Enoch Powell was academically backward and on the verge of illiteracy. In fact that is why he had such an impact on the immigration and race issues. He was not an ill-educated skinhead or violent Teddy boy but a former professor of classics and cabinet minister capable of rational arguments. In just one speech he had a much greater impact on immigration policy than any number of race riots or odious racial assaults (Comfort, 1993, 52 4).Even the fascist and neo-fascist organisations have produced literature to promote their views, it might not be up to Noble prize winning standards but it certainly has convinced enough people to support them. Oswald Mosley himself had been a prolific if not always coherent writer. The eventual leader of the National Front, JohnTyndall although more accustomed to inciting skinheads put forward his views in Six Principles of Nationalism published in 1966 (Eatwell,2003, p. 335). The effect that the tabloid newspapers and the more respectable right wing broad sheets can have on the issues of race and immigration cannot be ignored. When the newspapers are spreading fear and rumours of further immigration it is hardly conducive for British governments to reverse immigration controls on non-whites. For instance the reluctance of the Wilson and Heath governments to allow the Kenyan and Ugandan Asians into Britain (Watson, 1997, pp. 424-25). For the West Indians, Africans and the better educated Asians their education had largely been based on the English education system, hence the respect that many of them held Britain prior to immigration. In theWest Indies, English was the spoken language, whilst in the former colonies of Asia and Africa, English was the common language of the administrators and the social, economic and political elites.Therefore many Black people were literate if not better educated than their white counterparts. Discrimination and the desire to restrict immigration resulted from the abilities of immigrants