Legal Forms of Businesses and Preferences

Legal Forms of Businesses and Preferences There are several legal forms of business that people may choose to start running. A decision about a certain form of business that an entrepreneur will choose depends on various factors. Some of these factors and situations are discussed below.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Legal Forms of Businesses and Preferences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sole Proprietor In a situation when an individual feels like having full control of the business operations, for instance, making final decisions on key business issues, sole proprietor will be the best form of business to undertake (Legal Forms of Business Comparison, n.d). One person can start and manage this form of business with ease. The above scenarios are not common for the other forms of businesses. Remarkably, the other legal structures have more than one person in the management. As a result, it will lead to sharing of opinions implying that chances of usi ng an individual’s opinion are minimal. General Partnership Preference of this form of business can arise in a situation when a group of people would like to run a business that they have full control over. Thus, each partner is actively involved into the managerial affairs (Legal Forms of Business Comparison, n.d). Moreover, in circumstances where people want to share losses, this form of business will be of preference to a one-person business. The above scenarios are applicable, since not all members are occupied in the managerial section. Regarding the issue of sharing losses, general partnership will be of preference to sole proprietorship because in the latter the owner bears all the losses. Limited Liability Partnership A scenario where a group of people would like to be partially responsible for the business losses can lead to the preference of this form of business. This is true when it comes to comparing this form of business organization to sole proprietorship and g eneral partnership. Notably, in case of the business incurring debts the members in this form of business only become liable to a certain extent as opposed to the first two forms of business (Which Legal Form Is Best for Your Business?, Incorporation Article | Inc.com, n.d.). Limited Liability Company LLC This form of business perfectly suits those who want to minimize the paper work and find the best ways to pay taxes. This can be contrasted to an S corporation where maintaining of the records is hectic as the government imposes strict conditions on record keeping (Media, n.d.). Further, LLC is its own legal entity as opposed to S corporation, which have separate legal entities from its owners. This means that members of LLC can decide on how they will pay taxes, since they are part of the company. S Corporation When entrepreneurs want the business to continue operating even in cases of their deaths, S corporation will be the best option. This feature is the perpetual life of a com pany (Murray, n.d.). A form of business like a sole proprietor will cease to exist in case of the death of the owner. This characteristic coupled with that of separate entity treats the businesses and the members as independent from each other.Advertising Looking for assessment on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Franchise In case when a person requires gaining from an already established business and even needs more training, franchise will be the best option (Media, n.d.). In comparison to sole proprietorship, making a brand name in business requires tolerance. This does not happen in a short period of time. Additionally, the available resources that franchises are willing to invest in a person will make this form of business the best one. Corporate form Lastly, if one needs to raise more capital and develop self-confidence in investors, a corporate form of business will be of high preferenc e. The regulations in the corporate’s board give more trust to all stakeholders (Media, n.d.). Compared to partnership and sole proprietorship, which do not have perpetual life, corporate form of business will be able to acquire more funds. References Legal Forms of Business Comparison. (n.d.). KCSourceLink. Web. Media. (n.d.). Business Models Organizational Structure | Chron.com. Small Business Chron.com. Web. Murray, J. (n.d.). Businesses Types of Businesses. Types of Business Filing Business Taxes Taxes and Legal Issues for U.S. Small Business. Web. Which Legal Form Is Best for Your Business?, Incorporation Article | Inc.com. (n.d.). Small Business Ideas and Resources for Entrepreneurs. Web.

Samuel Adams, Revolutionary Activist and Philosopher

Samuel Adams, Revolutionary Activist and Philosopher Samuel Adams (September 16, 1722–October 2, 1803) played an important philosophical and activist role in early advocating the independence of the North American British colonies, and the eventual founding of the new United States. Fast Facts: Samuel Adams Known For: Important activist, philosopher, and writer during the American Revolution against Great BritainBorn: September 16, 1722 in Boston, MassachusettsParents: Samuel and Mary Fifield AdamsDied:  October 2, 1803 in BostonEducation: Boston Latin School and Harvard CollegeSpouse(s): Elizabeth Checkley (m. 1749–1757); Elizabeth (Betsey) Wells (m. 1764–his death)Children: Six children with Elizabeth Checkley: Samuel (1750–1750), Samuel (born 1751), Joseph, (1753–1753), Mary (1754–1754), Hannah, (b. 1756), stillborn son (1757) Early Life Samuel Adams was born on September 27, 1722, in Boston, Massachusetts, the eldest surviving son of 12 children born to Samuel (1689–1748) and Mary Fifield Adams: only Samuel, Mary (b. 1717), and Joseph (b. 1728) survived to adulthood. Samuel Adams, Sr., was a merchant, a popular Whig Party leader, and the Deacon of the local Congregational Church, where he was known as Deacon Adams. Deacon Adams was one of 89 grandchildren of the Puritan colonist Henry Adams, who left Somersetshire in England for Braintree (later renamed Quincy), Massachusetts in 1638- Sam Adams cousins included John Adams, who would become U.S. president in 1796. Mary Fifield was the daughter of a local businessman in Boston, a devout woman with an artistic bent. The Adams family early grew prosperous, building a large house on Purchase Street in Boston, where Samuel Adams and his siblings grew up. Deacon Adams was a huge influence on Samuel Adams life. In 1739, he was chosen to help draft legislative instructions for the Massachusetts colonys general assembly and became a formidable political force in the Whig party, serving as a representative to the provincial assembly. Together, Deacon Adams and his son fought a battle with the Royal government over a land bank scheme that lasted a decade after the Deacons death. The elder Adams had been part of the creation of a bank to assist farmers and business people get started. The colonial government rejected his right to do such a thing, and over the next two decades, it fought father and son to take possession of their property and businesses as recompense. Education Adams attended Boston Latin School and then entered Harvard College in 1736 at the age of 14. He started out studying theology but found his interests swinging towards politics. He received his bachelors and masters degrees from Harvard in 1740 and 1743, respectively. After graduation, Adams tried numerous businesses, including one he started on his own. However, he was never successful as a commercial businessman- his father saw that Sam had a growing dislike for authority of any kind. In 1748, Samuel Adams did find a direction: he and his friends formed a club to debate issues and launch a publication to shape public opinion called The Public Advertiser, in which Adams exercised his considerable persuasive writing skills. That same year, his father died. Adams took over his fathers business enterprise and turned to the part-time career that he would enjoy for the rest of his life: politics. Marriage and Early Political Career Adams married Elizabeth Checkley, the daughter of the pastor of the Congregational Church in 1749. Together they had six children, but all but Samuel (born 1751) and Hannah (born 1756) died as infants. In 1756, Samuel Adams became one of Bostons tax collectors, a position he would keep for almost 12 years. He was not the most diligent in his career as a tax collector, but instead continued and increased his writing and activism, quickly becoming a leader in Bostons politics. He became involved in numerous informal political organizations that had a large control over town meetings and local politics. On July 25, 1757, his wife Elizabeth died, giving birth to their last child, a stillborn son. Adams remarried on December 6, 1764, to Elizabeth (Betsey) Wells; his first wifes father officiated. Agitation Against the British After the French and Indian War that ended in 1763, Great Britain increased taxes in the American colonies to pay for the costs that they had incurred for fighting in and defending them. Adams strenuously opposed three tax measures in particular: the Sugar Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, and the Townshend Duties of 1767. He believed that as the British government increased its taxes and duties, it was reducing the individual liberties of the colonists, which in turn would lead to even greater tyranny. Adams held two key political positions that helped him in his fight against the British: he was the clerk of both the Boston town meeting and the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Through these positions, he was able to draft petitions, resolutions, and letters of protest. He argued that since the colonists were not represented in Parliament, they were being taxed without their consent. Thus the rallying cry, No taxation without representation. Taxes and Tea Parties Adams main suggestion for political action against the British was that the colonists should boycott English imports and hold public demonstrations. Although mob violence was common in the early days of the revolution, Samuel Adams never supported the use of violence against the British as a means of protest and supported the fair trial of the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. In 1772, Adams helped found a committee meant to unite Massachusetts towns against the British, which he later expanded to other colonies. In 1773, the British passed the Tea Act, which was not a tax and would have resulted in lower prices on tea. However, it was meant to aid the East India Company by allowing it to bypass the English import tax and sell through merchants it selected. Adams felt that this was just a ploy to get colonists to accept the Townshend duties that were still in place. On December 16, 1773, Adams spoke at a town meeting against the Act. That evening, dozens of men dressed as Native Americans boarded three tea importing ships that sat in Boston Harbor and threw the tea overboard, an act destined to be called the Boston Tea Party. The Intolerable Acts The British responded to the Tea Party by closing down the port of Boston, cutting off the lifeblood of trade to the citys economy. Some British lawmakers such as Edmund Burke, a member of the House of Commons, warned it would be counterproductive, that instead they should focus their anger at the guilty persons: John Hancock and Samuel Adams. But instead of punishing Adams and Hancock directly, the British government passed what would become known as the Coercive Acts or, more tellingly, the Intolerable Acts. In addition to the Boston Port Act, which itself included the limiting of town meetings to one a year, the government passed the Impartial Administration of Justice Act, that said that the Massachusetts governor should send government officials accused of capital crimes to England. The Quartering Act allowed British troops to use the colonists buildings as military barracks. Rather than intimidating or deterring him, Adams saw this as further evidence that the British would continue to limit the colonists liberty, and he counseled a hard line against King George III and his government. Representative Adams On May 3, 1774, Boston held its annual meeting to elect representatives to the Massachusetts House: Adams won 535 of the 536 votes cast and was named the moderator of the Town Meeting. They met again three days later and adopted a resolution calling for unity with the other colonies in a boycott and embargo of Britain in protest of the Boston Port Act. Paul Revere was sent out with a letter to the southern colonies.   On May 16, a March 31 report from London reached Boston: a ship had sailed with orders to bring Adams and Hancock back to England in irons. On the 25, the Massachusetts House of Representatives met in Boston and unanimously elected Samuel Adams as clerk. The Governor, General Gage, ordered the House adjourned until June 7 and moved to Salem, but instead, the House met on September 1, 1774, in Philadelphia: the first Continental Congress. Continental Congresses In September 1774, Samuel Adams became one of the delegates at the First Continental Congress held in Philadelphia, and his role included assisting with the draft of the Declaration of Rights. In April 1775, Adams, along with John Hancock, was finally a target of the British army advancing on Lexington. They escaped, however, when Paul Revere famously warned them. In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress was held, but Sam Adams did not hold a public role. Instead, he was part of the Massachusetts ratifying convention for the U.S. Constitution and helped write the Massachusetts state constitution. Although his eloquent written and oral support for the revolution continued to be heard, Adams role in the Continental Congress was primarily military: he served on several committees for military defense and armaments, and those for assessing the colonies defensive needs. That was his choice: he felt the importance of being prepared for the eventual war. Once hostilities began, he struggled to convince everyone that reconciliation was a delusion leading directly to destruction. Once the Declaration of Independence was made, Adams continued to work tirelessly as a leader for military activities, to gain foreign aid, and to get the machinery of government in order and functioning. In 1781, even though the final battle had not yet been won, he retired from Congress. Legacy and Death Adams had not given up on politics, however. He lost a highly contested bid for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1788, but when John Hancock ran for Massachusetts governor the following year, he agreed to run as Hancocks lieutenant. The pair was elected. Adams served as Hancocks lieutenant governor for four years and when Hancock died in 1793, he ascended to the governors chair. During the late 1790s, those in the U.S. government were divided into federalists, those who preferred a strong central government, and Republicans, who did not. As a republican-minded governor in a federalist state, Adams could see that at least for the moment, the federalists were winning out. When Samuels federalist cousin John Adams won the presidency, Adams retired from public life. Samuel Adams died on October 2, 1803, in Boston. Sources Alexander, John K. Samuel Adams: Americas Revolutionary Politician. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 2002.Irvin, Benjamin H. Samuel Adams: Son of Liberty, Father of Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Puls, Mark. Samuel Adams: Father of the American Revolution. New York: St. Martins Press, 2006.Stoll, Ira. Samuel Adams: A Life. New York: Free Press (Simon Schuster), 2008.

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gun Control - Research Paper Example When it comes to gun control in America, the most important thing is to impose a background check on everyone who buys guns and to strictly impose this as a part of a new gun control bill. The reasons for this are multifold. However, one of the main reasons for the imposition of the gun control bill is to minimize killings, or even to altogether prevent them. The shootings at the opening of Batman Begins in Aurora, Colorado and the shootings of 20 schoolchildren in Connecticut both in 2012 must have certainly made American lawmakers question the effectiveness of the gun control situation in the United States. In fact, the Senate’ vote on the failed gun control bill was disappointing because it showed that the lawmakers were actually not responding to several calls from the public on the imposition of stricter background checks for gun owners and buyers. In fact, according to Gallup editor-in-chief Frank Newport, regardless of the Senate’s vote on the failed gun control bill, â€Å"It is clear that more Americans support the concept of a law expanding background checks for gun purchases than say the Senate should have passed such a law† (Metzler). Americans have definitely learned much from their experiences with failed gun control measures. ... In fact, gun control history in the United States was a â€Å"history of tragedy† in terms of legislative action (U.S. Gun Control). Gun control measures have actually been implemented but perhaps not strictly imposed. In 1934, the National Firearms Act was signed by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in order to heavily tax sales of guns. The Gun Control Act was signed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1968 in order to declare as illegal the mail-order purchases of guns. In 1993 and 1994, the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act and assault weapons ban was signed by President Clinton in order to conduct background checks on gun buyers and ban semi-automatic assault weapons. Moreover, President Barack Obama and his administration also kept pushing for â€Å"more restrictive† gun control measures and laws (U.S. Gun Control). The existing gun laws like the National Firearms Act of Roosevelt is already in conflict with tax measures for the sales of guns which are imposed in every state. Thus, guns may be sold at a relatively cheaper price in some states. An example of a store in America that sells affordable guns, which are not heavily taxed is Cheaper Than Dirt, where a high power carbine is worth only $526, a hand gun is priced at $199 and a long gun at $143 (Cheaper Than Dirt). The Gun Control Act by Johnson is almost obsolete as guns are not anymore sold and delivered in packages by mail. They may in fact be bought straight from a gun shop. An example of a popular walk-in gun shop in America is American Gun Works based in California, whose website is found at americangunworks.net. One rather interesting but unfortunate feature of the shop is that it does not need a permit or license to carry a firearm as the State of

Connection Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Connection Project - Research Paper Example Most significantly, they identified statistical measures such as the standard deviation, coefficient and correlation (Nelson, 2000). The importance of information gathering and analysis in the 21st Century is a constant requirement for individuals, institutions and governments. Present day society is faced with endless and varied uncertainties concerning the future. The availability of-and access to accurately-synthesized information, therefore, helps in making informed predictions about the future, in planning and provides a basis for assessing performance over a forecasted period. The application of statistics has been embraced globally (most importantly) due its ability to fit into all fields of human interest. This has turned statistics into an inter-disciplinary subject (Pangano, 2008). Discussion The applicability of statistics is derived from the core process of data mining. The process of acquiring raw data is the first step towards making relevant statistical inferences and applications designed to assist in solving real world problems faced by both individuals and organizations. The extent to which applications can be made is only limited by the researcher’s definition of the problem statement and the methodology employed for data mining. This means that the statistical inference is legitimized by the problem being investigated and the set procedures for collecting and analyzing information concerning the problem (McPherson, 2011). Essentially, one can perhaps rightly argue that the choice of policy, strategy or decision undertaken was decided upon by the intrinsic nature of the problem thereby challenging the traditional view of managerial competency as the primary factor in decision making. Statistics becomes exceedingly essential in qualitative thinking. It identifies the type of problem facing individuals or institutions, defines the problem, assesses it and relates it to the final set of alternative courses of actions available in remedy t o the problem (Nelson, 2000). It provides a logical approach to problem solving thereby enriching the ability of individuals and organizations alike to make near accurate forecasts for the future now. Statistics becomes a tool for identifying and successfully effecting change within organizations by minimizing the variations between expected and actual results. With regard to applications by individuals, statistics can be used in enriching financing decisions. An investor wishing to invest his savings will rely heavily on quantitative statistics to identify investment alternatives that provide satisfactory returns to his investment at minimal risk exposures (McPherson, 2011). Quantitative statistics, therefore, assists in creating a benchmark portfolio for investment by identifying the set of securities that the investor will hold. The performance of the securities and the portfolio managers can be accurately assessed at different points in time to make relevant adjustments. Statist ics can be used by graduates in deciding as between employers and versus self employment. The career path of an individual within an organization can be assessed using industry aggregates on salary packages, determining future growth and development opportunities within the firm (promotions and training) and in formulating personal targets. It is a normal practice for firms to be ranked at both industry level and

Searching for Something and Obtaining Nothing Essay Example for Free

Searching for Something and Obtaining Nothing Essay In â€Å"Seeking†, Emily Yoffe shares with us her thoughts of what she believes is taking over our original basic desires and being replaced with an obsession for a constant need to gather or receive information with disregard to everything else. I can relate to what she is stating because I see it happening everyday around me; people walking around with their faces looking down into their smart phones. Almost everyone I come in contact with has a laptop, Ipad or tablet carrying around with them. You see them in the parks, malls, bookstore tech-ed out and they are all searching forever searching forever seeking and waiting for the next text, the Yahoo you got mail or that Tweet alerting them that someone cared enough or too little by sending them a message by such an impersonal means of communication. Yoffe speaks about a friend who has an insatiable need to view random facts about famous people when dining out with her boyfriend. So caught up is Nina that she ignores her boyfriend who is sitting right across the table from her. This is what Yoffe means when she states, â€Å"chasing after flickering bits of information.† By analyzing her article, I hope to further persuade techno junkies of the negative effects that Yoffe seems to imply but not directly stating it. Yoffe uses creditable sources to give us reasons on why we should put the machines down. The book titled, Animals in Translation, by Temple Grandin, Yoffe talks of two cats who were being driven crazy from chasing a laser pointer even though they could never catch it. Think of Kim Kardashian who is always driven to read each blog, on-line trash mag, like TMZ to see what is being posted about her. If you have ever watched Keeping up with the Kardashians you see her literally tearing herself apart searching for this information and crying because of the hurtful things people have said about her. That to me is form of torture for Kim Kardashian , but at the same time it’s fueling a physical need of hers, that has her searching for information of herself. Thus providing some sort of feel good moment that though what she is reading might be awful, she makes her feel adored by the public. If it was you, would you sit all day or part of the day looking for negative information of yourself? Yoffe this point is using logical reasons that could be used to get a techno junkie up off their butts to actually pursue real live activities. The research information by noted neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp who has spent years researching and mapping people’s brains and proving that like real physical items that we obtain, the act of seeking and finding gives euphoria by releasing a chemical substance called dopamine. Yoffe also points out that this feels so good we constantly are doing things to reach this state to make us feel good; to me that sound like a person who uses drugs to keep getting a high or a fix. All things which are not healthy for you when overindulging. Even before reading this article I was already aware of the dangers or risk to my health and how addictive this has become. I enjoy modern conveniences as much as the next person. I enjoy being able to sit at home and do my banking and ooVoo with my children who live in Connecticut. I remember when this was part of a sci-fi movie, camera phones. I have learnt from YouTube how to expertly apply my makeup and even gotten better advice on how to take care of my hair! However, I began to notice a few years that cell phones used to be a luxury item, has now become standard issue and almost an extension of our body. People have such a hard time putting down their cells no matter where they maybe. I see them in church while the pastor is preaching, they are texting or on Facebook. Is it really that serious, can it not wait until after service? I can remember being upstairs in my bedroom and texting my children to bring me a cup of water. Back in the day I would have gotten up and got it myself or called out to them. I’m not saying the modern technology is bad; it has its good points. For instance, when I had a car accident I was able to immediately call for help and get it sooner than having to hope and pray someone would call when they reached the nearest phone. It allows me to be able to work from home, like when I first moved to Kentucky and the company I was working for contracted my services for a few months until they could hire a replacement. I don’t think Yoffe is trying to scare you off of technology, just advise you that we are moving from a culture that once were out in the world searching for new and exciting things we could touch and feel to sitting at home and searching for stuff we can’t feel. So put down the devices and get out and smell the roses. References Yoffe, E. (2011). Seeking, In X. J. Kennedy, D.M. Kennedy M.F. Muth (Eds.) The Bedford guide For college writers (9th ed.) (pp. 599-601). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s

What is Success? :: Personal Reflection, definition, narrative

Success takes many different definitions. People have different interpretations of what success really means. For me is as simple as: living well and laughing often. The idea of living well is a very broad statement. Living well, in my opinion is getting success in personal, social and professional life. If I can achieve all of these three levels of success, I believe that I have lived well. Personal success for me is being able enjoy little things that life has to offer. For instance; understanding and appreciating diversity. To have someone to love and treasure, to meet the right person, fall in love, and get marry. To feel that I’m able to love my child and pass on wisdom to him .Feeling that someone loves me, is something that makes me completely happy and successful. Because I believe that without love, life is not thoroughly complete, thus never truly achieve success. I believe that, by being mentally and physically healthy, I have achieved personal success. When I get home to see my loving husband, my loved child, and then I’m able to sit down, relax and appreciate life, then I’m successful in my own right. Social success has a lot to do with the natural tendencies that I as human posses. For instance, I have identified good friends that I can count on as well as they can count on me. Meaning that I have good friend where I can rely on. I know that if a need help on anything, there will always be a helping hand. A part of societal success is also to learn how to treat people well, and I have been blessed to have such a great family that has showed me how to treat people since I was a little kid. I consider that I have reached professional success when I’m able to finish any goals that I have set in my mind. It doesn’t necessarily means that I need to have a masters or a doctored on my career. If my goal this year, is to graduate on April 2010, and I’m capable of doing it just the way I set it in my mind, then I have reached professional success, even if it is only my Associates in Art (AA).

Italy Tax System

Faculty of Business and Management, Brno University of Technology INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN BUSINNES LAW Tax system in Italy 2009/2010 Taxation in Italy The taxation system in Italy is administered by the Agenzia delle Entrate (Revenue Agency) which is the national legal authority for taxation. Taxation of an individual's income in Italy is progressive. In other words, the higher the income, the higher the rate of tax payable. There are reduced rates of tax and tax exemptions available to certain income earners. The liability for Italian income tax depends on where a person is domiciled. A domicile is usually the country we regard as the permanent home and where we live most of the year. A foreigner working in Italy for an Italian company who became resident in Italy and has no income tax liability abroad is considered to have a tax domicile in Italy. A person can be resident in more than one country at any time, but can be domiciled only in one country. The country of domicile is important regarding inheritance tax, as there’s no longer any inheritance tax in Italy. Generally, person is considered to be an Italian resident and liable to Italian tax if any of the following applies: †¢The person has permanent home in Italy; †¢He/She stays at least 183 days in Italy during any calendar year †¢Person carries out paid professional activities or employment in Italy, except when secondary to business activities conducted in another country; †¢The centre of person’s economic interest in in Italy If the person is registered as a resident in a comune, he/ she is liable to pay income tax in Italy. If a person moves to Italy to take up a job or start a business, he/she must register with the local tax authorities soon after the arrival. This is done at a local tax office. An individual is also liable for tax on his income as an employee and on income as a self-employed person. Tax will be payable on income earned in Italy and overseas by an individual who meets the test of a â€Å"permanent resident† of Italy. A foreign resident who is employed in Italy pays tax only on income earned in Italy. It is important to point out as regards taxable income from outside Italy, that a â€Å"tax credit† is granted for tax deducted outside Italy. In the case of income from a salary, the employer is obligated to deduct the amount of tax payable on a monthly basis. A self-employed person must prepay income tax that will be offset on filing an annual return. The advance payment is determined on the basis of the return made for the previous year. In the event of a new business, the advance will be calculated on the basis of estimates made by the owner of the business. The taxation system in Italy is divided into two categories: Direct taxes * IRPEF or IRE: Imposta sui Redditti delle Persone Fisiche ( Personal Income Tax) * IRPEG or IRES: Imposta sur Redditi delle Persone Giuridiche (Corportation Tax on the Income of limited liability and joint-stock companies – SRL or SpA) * IRAP: Imposte Regionale sulle Attivita Produttive (Regional Tax which applies to the value of goods and services) Italy Personal Income Tax rates in year 2009 * 23%0 – 15,000(EUR) * 27%15,001-28,000(EUR) * 38%28,001-55,000(EUR) * 41%55,001-75,000(EUR) 43%75,001 and over (EUR) Capital Gains Tax in Italy For individuals capital gains are generally added to the regular income. †¢The rate of tax payable on capital gains from shareholding is 12. 5% for non-qualifying shareholding of up to 25% in a company. †¢For the purpose of calculating a capital gain, the gain is decreased in line with the rate of increase in inflation, from the date of purchase to the da te of sale. In regard to capital gains in a corporation, identical relief is allowed at the rate of increase in the Index. †¢Companies pay 27. 5% tax on capital gains. In sale of participation, 95% is tax exempt, subject to certain conditions. Italy Reporting Dates and Payment The tax year in Italy ends on December 31st. Advance payments of tax are made on the following basis. †¢ An Individual – An individual whose only income is from a salary is not obligated to file an annual tax return. His employer deducts tax from the employee and transfers the payment immediately to the tax authorities on a monthly basis. †¢ A Self-Employed Individual is obliged to pay 100% of the tax forecast for a year, or an amount that is the equivalent of 98% of the tax paid in the previous year. The pre-payment is made in two installments. 40% of the total is paid by June 20th and the remaining 60% is paid on November 30. The date for filing an annual return for an individual is July 31. Fines are imposed for arrears in filing an annual return at the rate of 120% – 240% of the tax, depending on the length of time that the return is in arrears. †¢ A Limited Company – A limited company is obligated to submit Financial Statements within 30 days of the date of approval of the Statements. Up until the date of approval of the Statements, the Company is obligated to pay the amount of tax due for the previous year as well as 40% of the advance on account of the tax forecast for the current year. Italy Deduction of Tax at Source Italy Taxation of Employees As regards employed persons, the employer is obligated to deduct tax at source from an employee and to make additional contributions to social security. Italy Social Security †¢An employed person – th e employer's contribution is around 30% of the salary and the employee's contribution is around 10% of the salary. A self-employed person – the rate of payment is between 17%-25. 7% with an upper limit that changes from year to year. Indirect taxes * IVA (VAT) * Imposta di Registro (Registration Tax) * Imposte Ipotecarie e Catastali (Mortgage and Land Registration) * Imposta di Bollo (Revenue Stamps) * Accise o Imposte di Fabbricazione e consumo (Inland Duties) IVA (VAT) * Standard Rate 20% (since Oct 1997) Reduced Rate 10% Italy VAT Recovery Time: 18 months Italy VAT Registration Threshold Non-Resident: Nil Inheritance Tax ; Gift Tax There is no longer any tax on inherited property, regardless of its value and the relationship between the deceased and the heirs. On immovable property and real property rights, the catastral tax (imposta catastale) and land registry tax (imposta ipotecaria) must be paid at the rates of one percent and two percent, respectively, of the cadastral value of the property or the real property rights included in the inheritance. If one of the beneficiaries satisfies the conditions for the main or only residence (prima casa), the cadastral and land registry taxes due on an inheritance or a gift are a fixed amount of â‚ ¬168 each. In relation to gifts, the rules vary depending on the degree of kinship and the value of the gift. There are no taxes payable on gifts in favour of a spouse, descendants or other relatives up to the fourth degree. Gifts in favour of persons other than those mentioned above are subject to taxes on the transfer if the value of the share due to each beneficiary is greater. Other Taxes There are other taxes payable to central, regional, provincial or local governments. These are usually paid once a year. Bollo Auto (Car Tax), which includes the tax on your car radio and the stamp duty on your Italian driving licence * Bollo Moto (Motorbike Tax) * Bollo Motorino (Scooter Tax) * Canone RAI (TV Tax) * Tassa Rifiuti (Garbage Tax) * Imposta Comunale Sugli Immobili – ICI (Municipal Property Tax) Deductible Burdens and Tax Allowances Tax allowances include the so-called â€Å"no-tax area†, (a deduction of between â‚ ¬3,000 and â‚ ¬7,500 to avoid taxing those on low incomes), as well as allowances for dependant family members (dependant wife and/or children). Some deductible burdens (oneri deducibili) are expenses which can be used to reduce the total income. For example: some types of medical expenses, national insurance contributions, donations to religious institutions, donations to universities, research bodies and associations for the protection of assets of artistic interest, the cadastral income (income deriving from the value of any land owned) of the main residence are considered to be deductible burdens. Some deductible burdens are expenses which can be used to reduce the amount of the gross tax due. Again by way of example: medical expenses, passive interest on mortgages, education expenses, donations to Bodies or Foundations for research, for performing arts, for social purposes, donations to political parties. Each type of expense has its own rules for the deductions. For example: from rental property income a fixed amount of 15 percent of the income is deducted for expenses, while from business and self-employed income the expenses sustained for the carrying out of the activity are deducted. Some unearned incomes are taxed only on 40 percent of the amount. The majority of these burdens are not deductible from the income of non-residents. Other deductions in Italy Deductions must be made from the following payments to nonresidents according to this table: * Dividend27 (1. 375% to EU and EEA residents) * Royalties22. 5% * Interest12. 5 / 27% * Director's Remuneration20% Deduction at source in the case of a dividend, royalties and interest paid to foreign residents is subject to the Double Taxation Prevention Treaty. Double Taxation Treaties Double taxation treaties contain rules that determine in which country an individual is resident. Italian residents are taxed on their world-wide income, subject to certain treaty exceptions. Non-residents are normally taxed only on income arising in Italy. Citizens of most other countries are exempt from paying taxes in their home country when they spend a minimum period abroad, e. g. a year. Double taxation treaties are designed to ensure that income that has already been taxed in one treaty country isn’t taxed again in another treaty country. The treaty establishes a tax credit or exemption on certain kinds of income, either in the country of residence or the country where the income was earned. Where applicable, a double taxation treaty prevails over domestic law. Italy has double taxation treaties with over 60 countries, including all members of the EU, Australia, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Iceland India, Israel, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland, Romania, RSA, Russia, Singapore, the Slovak Republic, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Turkey, and the US. Bibliography: SOCR. CZ. Pravidla pro volny pohyb sluzeb a svobodu usazovani v  EU- Italie. [online]. [cit. 2010-04-12]. URL:http://www. ocr. cz/images/prirucka/pdf/it. pdf, cit. 1 BUSINESSINFO:CZ. Italie: Financni a danovy sektor [online]. [cit. 2010 012]. URL:http://www. businessinfo. cz/cz/sti/italie-financni-a-danovy-sektor/5/1000683/ ANGLOINFO. COM. Personal Taxes – Income Tax, Capital Gains & Inheritance Tax – in Italy. [online]. [cit. 2010 012]. URL: http://rome. angloinfo. com/countries/italy/tax. asp CANAD INTERNATIONAL. GC:CA. Income and Other Taxes in Italy. [online]. [cit. 2010 012]. http://www. canadainternational. gc. ca/italy-italie/consular_services_consulaires/tax_italy-italie_taxes. aspx? lang=eng

Shall We Tell the President?

In February 24 he heard shocking news. Some people were planning to kill the president and he understood that a senator is also involved in this. When they knew that he heard everything, they tried to kill him. But fortunately he escaped. After the meeting Mark Andrews talked Dry. Dexter and fixed a date with her. Barry called Nick and informed every thing. Nick States entrusted Mark to the hospital. On the way to the home Barry and Nick met In an accident and died _ March 3 Thursday Evening: Mark called Dry. Dexter and postponed the meeting. When he arrived in the hospital Angelo and Benjamin Reynolds who lied near Angelo had died.Mark tried to inform the news to Nick but he didn't get. So he informed all incidents to the FBI director H. A. L Tyson and through car radio he knew that Nick and Barry were died. 4 Friday 6. 27 am: Mark meets Tyson and informed to keep it secret; at the mean time Tyson had appointed two persons to look Mark. Mark starts his investigation about which sena tor involved in this case. At the Library of Congress he checked the congressional record to find out who were all in Washington on February 24. He got a list of 62 senators then he double checked and shortened it Into 38. Friday Afternoon 12. Pm: A meeting of conspirators takes place. One man Is Tony, he was an excellent driver another is Xanthium, a Vietnamese and an excellent rifle shooter, he hated Americans. The third man is Ralph Matson; he is an old FBI agent and the Peter Nicholson, a millionaire. The last man is called chairman. Ralph Matson was the killer of Angelo Ceasefires; he disguised like a Greek priest and killed him. Tony and Xanthium were the killers of Barry and Nick . They discussed about the planning to kill the president. Arc 4 1-relay Attorney 4 pm: Mark called Nils classmate Ana Knew auto ten mafias. When mark speaks with Dry.Dexter he got the news that Angelo was a Greek then he contacted a Greek orthodox priest and understood the killer who he see in the h ospital. 5 March Saturday Morning: Mark meets Tyson. In their Mathew Roger the Cast. Director of FBI gave information about the man who made the arrangements for the luncheon party. Marks visits Arians Ceasefires and learns that a priest came and gave fifty dollar bill to her. Mark traces the 50 dollar bill to know the finger prints. Mark contacted the secretaries of the 62 senators in his list not revealing the secret. He could cut down the number of senators' who had private luncheon on February 24.Sunday Morning 6 March 9 am: Mark calls a person in New York Times to know more about mafias and their attitude towards Gun Control Bill and also about senators who had close connections in organized crimes. Monday Morning 7 March 7 am: Tyson informed mark that a walk-talky of the FBI had missed and through that the information are going out side. For to know which senator where in the capitol on 3 March, mark looks the records and make a list of seven senators ‘Pearson, Noun, Bro oks, Byrd, Dexter, Harrison, Thornton'. 8 March Tuesday Morning 1 am: Tyson scolded Mark when he got the report from the woo men who are appointed to observe mark.They reported that Mark is in love with a senator daughter. Tyson scolded him because his lover's father Dexter is under suspicion. Mark goes to the senate house to see the Gun control bill debate, in which there he reduced his list to 5, because he understood that Noun and Pearson were not in the senate on 3 March. 9 March Wednesday: Tyson tells mark that Dexter may be the conspirator because the porters had seen in him on February 24 in Georgetown with his daughter. Mark shocked, he meets Elizabeth. Tycoon's men informed it and he scolded Mark.

Organizational Behavior Team Review and Reflection Essays

Organizational Behavior Team Review and Reflection Essays Organizational Behavior Team Review and Reflection Essay Organizational Behavior Team Review and Reflection Essay I have never studied such kind of courses before. My bachelor degree was related more to Law. First what I thought was Organizational Behavior class was something beyond me. In my point of view course was too complicated for me: everything in specific terminology and hard to understand. But after some time I was getting used to everything and even it was very interesting to do all work in group and have discussions on different situations everyone can face in an everyday life. So I completely changed my perception of this course. Our group has six members: 2 Thai students Terng and Dear, 3 Indonesian students Anthony, Antonia and Stanley and finally me – Aidar from Kazakhstan. All of us had different background and different culture, perspective and attitude. That may recognize as cross culture. Attitude and performance are the most difference, in my country, I have treated as a good audience not a good in debate or discuss, and we will keep our opinion silenced. When people are working in a team, even despite that fact that they have different cultures and the way of thinking, it leads to have the conflict sometimes between the members. But you can gain advantages from getting a good chance to learn more and get experience, learn more about people that have different culture compared to us. Moreover we will know how to adapt each team member’s opinion and try to share with our experiences. We did not form our group by our own wishes. It was done our professor Dr Shmin Liu. So we did not know each other at the very beginning. At the first meeting, we shared about our experience and our background such as where we came from, our bachelor degree and whether we had experience in any job and etc. In fact we had different knowledge and background but we tried to adapt and to know each other closer because we would have to work as a team. The main important thing was to communicate what helped our group pass the assignment successfully. In the second meeting, we brainstorm to select the organization that we have to investigate as our assignment which is directly relevant to the coursework’s objective. We think about the organization that we can have a chance to contact with at least manager of the department. We think that if we can contact with such person, we can know deeply about the organization such as how the organization work, how to separate tasks to each employees and also the problem that happen in the organization. Before we arranged meetings we asked each team members whether they were available or not. Each of our team members was responsible in their tasks. But some of us were very busy because had other reports to write, home assignments, presentations. Approximately in one period of time we had to finish with our assignments, presentations and reports. Sometimes we held long discussions and consequently had to take short breaks and find something to eat together. So the meetings were flexible and I felt enjoy with my teammates and nobody spent a lot energy. It seemed to me that we were having rest somewhere together rather than having discussion. As a group all members have to communicate well with each other. Although this syndicate is not a very good in communicate with each other, yet our syndicate able to complete the task or project well. The syndicate also showed lack of participation or contribution to the project. Ability to contribute is not high. Waiting for other members or leader to tell them what to do is not professional. Willingness to contribute without being ordered by someone creates a perfect team and good working relationship. Willingness to contribute into the project is hopefully occurred in future. The most crucial factor to improve the performance of the group and the satisfaction of its members is a good cooperation. Without a good cooperation and a good contribution from each member it is very difficult to achieve an excellent syndicate. After we held more meetings everybody in the group understood the task assignment very well and as a result each of us was doing a good job in getting the task done. Finally, as a result of our good team work, our work synergy increased to a high level because everybody worked hard for the team. Our group worked well together because everybody helped each other. First two time that we met we not to be familiar with others, our mind were not open anymore. In the meeting, we shared with ideas and thought thoroughly on every offered idea before making a decision. If there were any mistakes helped each other to correct it. We had meetings every week and we started knowing each other better. We had discussed about our work, how it’s going and going in the right way or not. Then we had a chance to ask each others. We did everything step by step. Finally everything was done on time which subsequented to reach our main goal. For performances of our group members, I satisfy with performance of every member. Everyone did their best in each task. We tried to do the best as much as we can. We knew that it had limited time to do this group assignment because we also had another subject’s report, so we had to use that limited time as affective as we can. It made me learn how to take time out. Our leader Anthony suited all characteristics of good leader. I can compare how he did his managing activities within our group at first time in the very beginning of this semester and by the end of this semester and can say without any hesitate that he upgraded well his leading abilities. In my mind all activities held in our class helped not only him but everybody in our whole group. Outward training also helped to develop our abilities: teambuilding, leading for Anthony, communicating and etc. The rest members of our team are very communicative, friendly, tolerant, patient, reliable, and very responsible. Every student in team did his best in performing all kind of works. Everyone is strong in certain kind of ability. Stanley is very smart in solving economical problems and in decision making, Terng and Dear are good in social sciences. They are very resourceful. Antonia is great in preparing presentations and putting relevant information in it. This course helped us to have cultural exchange, making reliable friends, gained good experience. All topics in our class will help us to behave in right way in many situations. We can easily face problems concerned with relations in organization, department, and emotional problems, how to treat with your boss and so on. Experience I got from doing group assignment is working in team with people with different personalities, cultures, and languages. It is good experience for me and my future performance. I would like to conclude that our team is really strong. We already know, understand abilities, moods, habits and meanings of each other, try to avoid any kind of conflicts, making accent on more cooperative way of communication. We are always ready to help each member who has some difficulties with his part, even help each other dealing with others subjects. We should go through all these things such as conflicts of interests, hot discussions, misunderstanding, and distrust in order to eventually have such level of relationships that we experienced today.

How Insects Find Their Food Plants

How Insects Find Their Food Plants Many insects, like caterpillars and leaf beetles, feed on plants. We call these insects phytophagous. Some phytophagous insects eat a variety of plant species, while others specialize in eating only one, or just a few. If the larvae or nymphs feed on plants, the insect mother usually lays her eggs on a host plant. So how do insects find the right plant? Insects Use Chemical Cues to Find Their Food Plants We dont have all the answers to this question yet, but heres what we do know. Scientists believe that insects use chemical smell and taste cues to help them recognize host plants. Insects differentiate plants based on their odors and tastes. The chemistry of the plant determines its appeal to an insect. Plants in the mustard family, for example, contain mustard oil, which has a unique smell and taste to a foraging insect. An insect that munches on cabbage will probably also munch on broccoli since both plants belong to the mustard family and broadcast the mustard oil cue. That same insect would probably not, however, feed on squash. The squash tastes and smells completely foreign to a mustard-loving insect. Do Insects Use Visual Cues, Too? Heres where it gets a little tricky. Do insects just fly around, sniffing the air and following odors to find the right host plant? That might be part of the answer, but some scientists think theres more to it. One theory suggests that insects first use visual cues to find plants. Studies of insect behavior demonstrate that phytophagous insects will land on green things, like plants, but not brown things such as soil.  Only after landing on a plant will the insect use those chemical cues to confirm whether or not it has located its host plant. The smells and tastes dont actually help the insect find the plant, but they do keep the insect on the plant if it happens to land on the right one. This theory, if proved correct, would have implications for agriculture. Plants in the wild tend to be surrounded by a diversity of other plants. An insect looking for a host plant in its native habitat will invest a good deal of time landing on the wrong plants. On the other hand, our monoculture farms offer pest insects a nearly error-free landing strip. Once a pest insect finds a field of its host plant, it will be rewarded with the right chemical cue almost every time it lands on something green. That insect is going to lay eggs and feed until the crop is overrun with pests. Can Insects Learn to Recognize Certain Plants? Insect learning may also play a role in how insects find and choose food plants. Some evidence suggests that an insect develops a preference for its first food plant- the one where its mother laid the egg from which it hatched. Once the larva or nymph consumes the original host plant, it must go in search of a new food source. If it happens to be in a field of the same plant, it will quickly encounter another meal. More time spent eating, and less time spent wandering around looking for food, yields healthier, stronger insects. Could the adult insect learn to lay her eggs on plants that grow in abundance, and thus give her offspring a higher chance to thrive? Yes, according to some researchers. The bottom line? Insects probably use all of these strategies- chemical cues, visual cues, and learning- in combination to find their food plants. Resources and Further Reading The Handy Bug Answer Book. Gilbert Waldbauer.Host selection in phytophagous insects: a new explanation for learning in adults. J. P. Cunningham, S. A. West, and M. P. Zalucki.Host-Plant Selection by Insects. Rosemary H. Collier and Stan Finch.Insects and Plants. Pierre Jolivet.

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium Research Paper

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium - Research Paper Example The next thing is the connection between the law of diminishing marginal utility and the law of demand. The article describes the law of diminishing marginal utility that every additional unit brings lower satisfaction than the previous one. Therefore, every additional unit is given a lower price. Thus it is connected with the law of demand that the lower the price the higher the quantity demanded. Demand is defined as the willingness and ability of a consumer to buy a product. It is inversely related to price. When the price of good increases, its demand decreases and vice versa. The quantity of a good the consumer is willing to buy at specific prices is called a demand schedule. It shows how demand changes with the price. The graphical presentation of a demand schedule is called a demand curve. Utility is relevant to our course as we need to know about utility of a product to clear our views about what people pursue and pay for. Demand and its connection with the law of diminishing utility is also significant as we need to know about demand to see what people want and how much they want of a specific commodity and thus decide how it can be supplied. (Schafermeyer, 2000) Now the price change only changes the quantity demanded of a product but there are certain factors that change the entire demand of a product. ... In addition to that, the number of consumers is also directly proportional to demand. Consumer tastes and preferences have a strong impact on the demand as well. A good might be cheaper but the consumer may reject it if it doesn’t suit him. Moreover, if consumers expect the price to rise, they buy more of the existing stock and thus the demand increases. When the demand increases, the curve shifts towards the right and when it falls it shifts towards the left. The factors affecting the demand are a part of the learning requirement of our course as they change a force that controls the market. (Schafermeyer, 2000) The article defines Supply as the willingness and ability of a firm to produce a good at given price in a certain time period. Like demand, supply also has a relation with price but it is a direct one instead of an indirect one. When the price of a good rises, its supply rises. The quantity of a good supplied at a range of prices is called a supply schedule. The graph ical presentation of the supply schedule is called supply curve. The supply curve and its basics are also significant according to the syllabus as the second force controlling the market. (Schafermeyer, 2000) Apart from price, the cost of production also affects the supply. If the production costs are high then the producers will be reluctant to produce the good to avoid losses at lower prices. The number of sellers in a market also determines how much quantity will be supplied. Furthermore, the price of related goods also affects the supply of an object as the producers will shift to the good with a higher price. Lastly, if a seller expects the price to go up in some time then he will reduce the supply and wait for the right time to